552
Index
Chemoautotrophy, 441
Chemolithotrophy, 441, 443
Chemosynthesis, 441, 443
Chesapeake Bay
anoxic waters, 455
eutrophication of, 193
hydrogen sulfide, 497, 501
shape of, 36
Chimneys, 444
Chloride
–metal complexes, 94, 96–97
in vent waters, 446
Chlorine (Cl)
air–sea exchange, 82
in pore waters, 84
rock origins, 125
Chlorine gas, 210
Chlorine monoxide, 213–218
Chlorinity
defined, 57
measuring, 64
and salinity, 58–64
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
atmospheric concentrations, 211, 212–213
to determine oxygen utilization rates,
373–374
and ozone layer, 183, 210–213
photodissociation, 211–212
as tracers, 42–45
Chlorophylls
low levels, 383
structure, 367, 369
Chlorophyll-a, 367, 370, 380–382
Cholesterol, 420–421
Chromatophores, 367
Chromium (Cr), 106
Chromophores, 431
Ciliates, 389
Circulation
Arctic and adjacent seas, 32–35
Atlantic Ocean, 18–24
“conveyor belt,” 49
estuaries, 35–38
gas distribution and, 232–237
Indian Ocean, 30–32
Mediterranean Sea, 35
Pacific Ocean, 27–29
Red Sea, 35
Southern Ocean, 25–26
surface waters, 17
types of, 16–17
Circumpolar Current, 20, 25–26
Circumpolar gyres, 25
Clathrate cage models, 138, 152
Clay minerals, 360
Climate anomalies, 50–51
Climate Variability and Predictability
(CLIVAR), 2, 310–314
CLIVAR. See Climate Variability and
Predictability
Closed basins, circulation, 35–38
Cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), 191–192,
219–220
Clouds
formation of, 191
and thermal radiation, 200
water in, 191–192
Cluster models, water structure, 137–138, 152
CO2sys, 279
Coastal waters
circulation, 35–38
density, 13
hydrogen peroxide half-times, 432–434
silica distribution, 362
Cobalt (Co)
Black Sea, 462–463
distribution profile, 105
Framvaren Fjord, 479
and hydrogen sulfide oxidation rates, 497
residence time, 100
Coccolithophores
dimethylsulfonium propionate levels, 219
pH effects, 316–317
Cold core rings, 20–21
Colloids, in seawater, 55
Columbus Iselin, 387
Compensation depth, 377
Compressibility, 147–148, 265
Conductance, salt solutions, 145
Conductivity ratio, salinity, 59–62
Conservative profile, trace elements, 102
Contact pair, 155–156
Continental shelf, 2–3
Continental slope, 3
Continuum model, 146–152
Convergence zones, Southern Ocean, 25–26
Copenhagen normal seawater, 58
Copper (Cu)
bioadsorption, 111
Black Sea, 463
distribution profile, 105, 106
Framvaren Fjord, 479
–halide complexes, 92
and hydrogen sulfide oxidation rates, 497
–organic complexes, 97
redox reactions, 438
Index
Chemoautotrophy, 441
Chemolithotrophy, 441, 443
Chemosynthesis, 441, 443
Chesapeake Bay
anoxic waters, 455
eutrophication of, 193
hydrogen sulfide, 497, 501
shape of, 36
Chimneys, 444
Chloride
–metal complexes, 94, 96–97
in vent waters, 446
Chlorine (Cl)
air–sea exchange, 82
in pore waters, 84
rock origins, 125
Chlorine gas, 210
Chlorine monoxide, 213–218
Chlorinity
defined, 57
measuring, 64
and salinity, 58–64
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
atmospheric concentrations, 211, 212–213
to determine oxygen utilization rates,
373–374
and ozone layer, 183, 210–213
photodissociation, 211–212
as tracers, 42–45
Chlorophylls
low levels, 383
structure, 367, 369
Chlorophyll-a, 367, 370, 380–382
Cholesterol, 420–421
Chromatophores, 367
Chromium (Cr), 106
Chromophores, 431
Ciliates, 389
Circulation
Arctic and adjacent seas, 32–35
Atlantic Ocean, 18–24
“conveyor belt,” 49
estuaries, 35–38
gas distribution and, 232–237
Indian Ocean, 30–32
Mediterranean Sea, 35
Pacific Ocean, 27–29
Red Sea, 35
Southern Ocean, 25–26
surface waters, 17
types of, 16–17
Circumpolar Current, 20, 25–26
Circumpolar gyres, 25
Clathrate cage models, 138, 152
Clay minerals, 360
Climate anomalies, 50–51
Climate Variability and Predictability
(CLIVAR), 2, 310–314
CLIVAR. See Climate Variability and
Predictability
Closed basins, circulation, 35–38
Cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), 191–192,
219–220
Clouds
formation of, 191
and thermal radiation, 200
water in, 191–192
Cluster models, water structure, 137–138, 152
CO2sys, 279
Coastal waters
circulation, 35–38
density, 13
hydrogen peroxide half-times, 432–434
silica distribution, 362
Cobalt (Co)
Black Sea, 462–463
distribution profile, 105
Framvaren Fjord, 479
and hydrogen sulfide oxidation rates, 497
residence time, 100
Coccolithophores
dimethylsulfonium propionate levels, 219
pH effects, 316–317
Cold core rings, 20–21
Colloids, in seawater, 55
Columbus Iselin, 387
Compensation depth, 377
Compressibility, 147–148, 265
Conductance, salt solutions, 145
Conductivity ratio, salinity, 59–62
Conservative profile, trace elements, 102
Contact pair, 155–156
Continental shelf, 2–3
Continental slope, 3
Continuum model, 146–152
Convergence zones, Southern Ocean, 25–26
Copenhagen normal seawater, 58
Copper (Cu)
bioadsorption, 111
Black Sea, 463
distribution profile, 105, 106
Framvaren Fjord, 479
–halide complexes, 92
and hydrogen sulfide oxidation rates, 497
–organic complexes, 97
redox reactions, 438