551
Index
Carbonate
alkalinity, 275
distribution, 281–295
measuring, 65
speciation, 439–440
Carbonate rocks, carbon storage, 260
Carbonate system
dissociation constants, 273
distribution of components, 281–295
equilibria, 259, 269–274
fossil fuel carbon dioxide, 307–314
function of, 259
and ocean acidification, 314–317, 320–323,
326–329
parameters, 65, 274–281
Carbon cycle
carbon reservoirs, 260
intermediates, 369
Carbon dioxide
adsorption by oceans, 260
at air–sea interface, 259–260, 282–283
atmospheric, 259
cycling, 259
equilibrium reactions, 259, 269–270
from fossil fuel combustion, 200–207, 209,
259, 262–264, 307–314
global database, 310
in ice cores, 203
and infrared radiation, 200
partial pressure (pCO 2 ) in seawater, 262,
278–281
annual cycle, 284–285
distribution, 281–286
future trends, 314–317
and photosynthesis, 367–369
solubility, 270
sources/sinks, 200–207, 209, 259, 262–264, 283,
284, 310–314
total, 275–278, 285
uptake
to measure primary productivity, 372
by plants, 310
Carbonic acid
Bjerrum diagram, 269
production in seawater, 314–317
thermodynamics, 270
Carbon monoxide
atmospheric, 188–189, 190, 252
depth profiles, 252
global cycle, 252
sources/sinks, 188–189, 193, 252
in surface waters, 252
Carbon tetrachloride, 212–213
Carboxylic acids, 419–420
Cariaco Trench
ammonia, 470, 475
anoxic waters, 108, 466–477
deep waters, 473–477
dissolved solutes, 84
hydrogen sulfide, 108, 468, 470, 472–473, 474,
476, 493, 497, 501
maximum depth, 454–455, 466
metals, 475
nitrate, 470
nutrients, 470–473
oxic–anoxic interface, 108, 468, 470
oxygen profile, 468
pH, 471–472
phosphate, 470, 475
pycnocline, 467
salinity, 467, 474–475
silicates, 470, 473, 475, 493
subbasins, 466–467
sulfates, 476
sulfite, 470
TCO 2 , 472, 473
temperature profile, 467, 473–474
thiosulfate, 470–471, 473
total alkalinity, 472
trace metals, 470, 472–473, 475
tritium measurements, 470
Catalases, 434
Cations; See also Ions
affinity of organisms for, 109
hydration numbers, 150–151
hydration thermodynamics, 141–145
residence times, 99
Cellulose, 417–418
Cesium (Cs)
Black Sea, 463
distribution profile, 102
residence time, 98, 99
CFCs. See Chlorofluorocarbons
Chemical oceanography, 1, 56
Chemical tracers
carbon-14, 38–40
chlorofluorocarbons, 42–45
helium-3, 41–42
tritium, 40–42
types of, 38
Chemiluminescence, 430–431
Chemoautolithotrophy
aerobic, 443
anaerobic, 443
Index
Carbonate
alkalinity, 275
distribution, 281–295
measuring, 65
speciation, 439–440
Carbonate rocks, carbon storage, 260
Carbonate system
dissociation constants, 273
distribution of components, 281–295
equilibria, 259, 269–274
fossil fuel carbon dioxide, 307–314
function of, 259
and ocean acidification, 314–317, 320–323,
326–329
parameters, 65, 274–281
Carbon cycle
carbon reservoirs, 260
intermediates, 369
Carbon dioxide
adsorption by oceans, 260
at air–sea interface, 259–260, 282–283
atmospheric, 259
cycling, 259
equilibrium reactions, 259, 269–270
from fossil fuel combustion, 200–207, 209,
259, 262–264, 307–314
global database, 310
in ice cores, 203
and infrared radiation, 200
partial pressure (pCO 2 ) in seawater, 262,
278–281
annual cycle, 284–285
distribution, 281–286
future trends, 314–317
and photosynthesis, 367–369
solubility, 270
sources/sinks, 200–207, 209, 259, 262–264, 283,
284, 310–314
total, 275–278, 285
uptake
to measure primary productivity, 372
by plants, 310
Carbonic acid
Bjerrum diagram, 269
production in seawater, 314–317
thermodynamics, 270
Carbon monoxide
atmospheric, 188–189, 190, 252
depth profiles, 252
global cycle, 252
sources/sinks, 188–189, 193, 252
in surface waters, 252
Carbon tetrachloride, 212–213
Carboxylic acids, 419–420
Cariaco Trench
ammonia, 470, 475
anoxic waters, 108, 466–477
deep waters, 473–477
dissolved solutes, 84
hydrogen sulfide, 108, 468, 470, 472–473, 474,
476, 493, 497, 501
maximum depth, 454–455, 466
metals, 475
nitrate, 470
nutrients, 470–473
oxic–anoxic interface, 108, 468, 470
oxygen profile, 468
pH, 471–472
phosphate, 470, 475
pycnocline, 467
salinity, 467, 474–475
silicates, 470, 473, 475, 493
subbasins, 466–467
sulfates, 476
sulfite, 470
TCO 2 , 472, 473
temperature profile, 467, 473–474
thiosulfate, 470–471, 473
total alkalinity, 472
trace metals, 470, 472–473, 475
tritium measurements, 470
Catalases, 434
Cations; See also Ions
affinity of organisms for, 109
hydration numbers, 150–151
hydration thermodynamics, 141–145
residence times, 99
Cellulose, 417–418
Cesium (Cs)
Black Sea, 463
distribution profile, 102
residence time, 98, 99
CFCs. See Chlorofluorocarbons
Chemical oceanography, 1, 56
Chemical tracers
carbon-14, 38–40
chlorofluorocarbons, 42–45
helium-3, 41–42
tritium, 40–42
types of, 38
Chemiluminescence, 430–431
Chemoautolithotrophy
aerobic, 443
anaerobic, 443