550
Index
salinity, 460
saturation state, 465
sigma-T profile, 460
silicates, 493
TCO 2 , 465
temperature profiles, 460
total alkalinity (TA), 465
trace metals, 462–465
water turnover, 460
Black smokers, 441
Blue green algae. See Cyanobacteria
Boiling point, salt solutions, 144
Bolivar Canal, 394
Boric acid/borate, 65, 271–272
Born-Haber cycle, 141, 144
Born model, 146–152
Boron (B), 65
Brazil Current, 20
Break in slope, 3
Brines
dissolved solutes in, 81
Red Sea, 35
Broken-down ice lattice models, 136–137
Bromide, 439
Bromine (Br)
air–sea exchange, 82
bioconcentration, 109
measuring, 65
and ozone loss, 218
Bubbles. See Air bubbles
Buffers, 266–269
Bunsen coefficient, 230
C
Cadmium (Cd)
Black Sea, 463
distribution profile, 102–104
Framvaren Fjord, 479
and hydrogen sulfide oxidation rates, 497
Calcite
high magnesium, 306
lysocline, 301–307
saturation profiles, 296, 306, 313
in sediments, 298
solubility, 81, 272–273, 296
sources, 81
Calcium (Ca)
measuring, 66
rock origins, 125
in vent waters, 447
Calcium carbonate; See also Carbonate system
dissolution/production of, 272–273, 279–280,
295–307; See also Aragonite; Calcite
phosphate absorption, 340
saturation state, 296, 316
Calcium carbonate compensation depth (CCD),
298, 301, 303
Calcium ions
air–sea exchange, 82
dissolution/precipitation of calcium
carbonate, 81
–phosphate ion pairs, 336
in pore waters, 84
Calcium sulfate, 78–81
California Current, 27–28
Canadian Basin, 33–34
Canary Current, 18
Capillary waves, 237
Carbohydrates
function of, 417
synthesis of, 367, 369
types of, 417–418
Carbon (C)
allochthonous, 406
in anoxic waters, 455–459
autochthonous, 407
14 C/C ratio, 38–40
C:N:P ratio
Framvaren Fjord, 495
organic matter, 457–459
phytoplankton, 356–359, 364, 374, 455–456
C:N ratio
Framvaren Fjord, 495
organic matter, 494–495
C:P ratio
Framvaren Fjord, 495
marine detritus, 494
cycle, 113, 260, 369
dissolved. See Dissolved organic carbon
(DOC)
inorganic to organic, 281
oxidation, 279
P:N:C:O ratio, 357–359
P:N:C ratio, 357–359
preindustrial values, 309
terrestrially derived, 406–407
Carbon-13 ( 13 C), 262, 307, 309
Carbon-14 ( 14 C)
age of world ocean, 45–49
as a tracer, 38–40
in primary production measurements,
371–372
Index
salinity, 460
saturation state, 465
sigma-T profile, 460
silicates, 493
TCO 2 , 465
temperature profiles, 460
total alkalinity (TA), 465
trace metals, 462–465
water turnover, 460
Black smokers, 441
Blue green algae. See Cyanobacteria
Boiling point, salt solutions, 144
Bolivar Canal, 394
Boric acid/borate, 65, 271–272
Born-Haber cycle, 141, 144
Born model, 146–152
Boron (B), 65
Brazil Current, 20
Break in slope, 3
Brines
dissolved solutes in, 81
Red Sea, 35
Broken-down ice lattice models, 136–137
Bromide, 439
Bromine (Br)
air–sea exchange, 82
bioconcentration, 109
measuring, 65
and ozone loss, 218
Bubbles. See Air bubbles
Buffers, 266–269
Bunsen coefficient, 230
C
Cadmium (Cd)
Black Sea, 463
distribution profile, 102–104
Framvaren Fjord, 479
and hydrogen sulfide oxidation rates, 497
Calcite
high magnesium, 306
lysocline, 301–307
saturation profiles, 296, 306, 313
in sediments, 298
solubility, 81, 272–273, 296
sources, 81
Calcium (Ca)
measuring, 66
rock origins, 125
in vent waters, 447
Calcium carbonate; See also Carbonate system
dissolution/production of, 272–273, 279–280,
295–307; See also Aragonite; Calcite
phosphate absorption, 340
saturation state, 296, 316
Calcium carbonate compensation depth (CCD),
298, 301, 303
Calcium ions
air–sea exchange, 82
dissolution/precipitation of calcium
carbonate, 81
–phosphate ion pairs, 336
in pore waters, 84
Calcium sulfate, 78–81
California Current, 27–28
Canadian Basin, 33–34
Canary Current, 18
Capillary waves, 237
Carbohydrates
function of, 417
synthesis of, 367, 369
types of, 417–418
Carbon (C)
allochthonous, 406
in anoxic waters, 455–459
autochthonous, 407
14 C/C ratio, 38–40
C:N:P ratio
Framvaren Fjord, 495
organic matter, 457–459
phytoplankton, 356–359, 364, 374, 455–456
C:N ratio
Framvaren Fjord, 495
organic matter, 494–495
C:P ratio
Framvaren Fjord, 495
marine detritus, 494
cycle, 113, 260, 369
dissolved. See Dissolved organic carbon
(DOC)
inorganic to organic, 281
oxidation, 279
P:N:C:O ratio, 357–359
P:N:C ratio, 357–359
preindustrial values, 309
terrestrially derived, 406–407
Carbon-13 ( 13 C), 262, 307, 309
Carbon-14 ( 14 C)
age of world ocean, 45–49
as a tracer, 38–40
in primary production measurements,
371–372