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Chemical Oceanography, 4th Edition
4.3.2.3    Clathrate Cage Models
Pauling (1960) originally postulated the clathrate cage model. He noted the existence
of clathrate hydrates of many inert gases and suggested that water is its own clathrate
hydrate. Frank and Quist (1961) developed this model and successfully calculated thermodynamic properties of water in good agreement with experimental values. In the clathrate
model, discrete sites exist in the host lattice (for other H 2 O molecules or solute molecules).
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Figure 4.8
The Frank and Wen flickering cluster model for the structure of water.
Figure 4.9
The Pauling self- clathrate model for the structure of water.