4.5
Quantification of the Deep Circulation
259
Nelson G. Hogg
4.5.1 Deep circulation in the framework of WOCE
259
4.5.2 Deep Western Boundary Currents
260
4.5.3 The interior: The Deep Basin Experiment
266
4.5.4 Summary
269
4.6
The Antarctic Circumpolar Current System
271
Stephen R. Rintoul, Chris W. Hughes and Dirk Olbers
4.6.1 Flow in the zonally unbounded ocean
271
4.6.2 Observations of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current
274
4.6.3 Dynamics of the ACC
280
4.6.4 Water mass formation and conversion
291
4.6.5 The Southern Ocean and the global overturning circulations
296
4.6.6 Conclusions
300
4.7
Interocean Exchange
303
Arnold L. Gordon
4.7.1 Interocean links
303
4.7.2 Bering Strait
306
4.7.3 Indonesian Seas
307
4.7.4 The Agulhas Retroflection
310
4.7.5 Discussion
313
Section 5: Formation and Transport of Water Masses
Section 5 plates appear between pages 428 and 429
5.1
Ocean Surface Water Mass Transformation
317
William G. Large and A. J. George Nurser
5.1.1 The problem
317
5.1.2 Theory of surface water mass transformation
318
5.1.3 Ocean surface temperature, salinity and density
321
5.1.4 Surface fluxes of heat, fresh water and density
326
5.1.5 Surface water mass transformation and formation
332
5.1.6 Summary
335
5.2
Mixing and Stirring in the Ocean Interior
337
John M. Toole and Trevor J. McDougall
5.2.1 Scales of mixing and stirring
337
5.2.2 Background
338
5.2.3 The Temporal-Residual-Mean circulation
340
5.2.4 Lateral dispersion between the mesoscale and the microscale
345
5.2.5 Diapycnal mixing in and above the main thermocline
346
5.2.6 Mixing in the abyss
352
5.2.7 Discussion
354
5.3
Subduction
357
James F. Price
5.3.1 A little of the background on oceanic subduction
357
5.3.2 Surface-layer dynamics and thermodynamics of the subduction process
360
5.3.3 Development of steady, continuous models: Application to
numerical model analysis and observations
361
5.3.4 Transient response of the thermocline to decadal variability
365
5.3.5 Summary and outlook
370
CONTENTS
viii
Quantification of the Deep Circulation
259
Nelson G. Hogg
4.5.1 Deep circulation in the framework of WOCE
259
4.5.2 Deep Western Boundary Currents
260
4.5.3 The interior: The Deep Basin Experiment
266
4.5.4 Summary
269
4.6
The Antarctic Circumpolar Current System
271
Stephen R. Rintoul, Chris W. Hughes and Dirk Olbers
4.6.1 Flow in the zonally unbounded ocean
271
4.6.2 Observations of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current
274
4.6.3 Dynamics of the ACC
280
4.6.4 Water mass formation and conversion
291
4.6.5 The Southern Ocean and the global overturning circulations
296
4.6.6 Conclusions
300
4.7
Interocean Exchange
303
Arnold L. Gordon
4.7.1 Interocean links
303
4.7.2 Bering Strait
306
4.7.3 Indonesian Seas
307
4.7.4 The Agulhas Retroflection
310
4.7.5 Discussion
313
Section 5: Formation and Transport of Water Masses
Section 5 plates appear between pages 428 and 429
5.1
Ocean Surface Water Mass Transformation
317
William G. Large and A. J. George Nurser
5.1.1 The problem
317
5.1.2 Theory of surface water mass transformation
318
5.1.3 Ocean surface temperature, salinity and density
321
5.1.4 Surface fluxes of heat, fresh water and density
326
5.1.5 Surface water mass transformation and formation
332
5.1.6 Summary
335
5.2
Mixing and Stirring in the Ocean Interior
337
John M. Toole and Trevor J. McDougall
5.2.1 Scales of mixing and stirring
337
5.2.2 Background
338
5.2.3 The Temporal-Residual-Mean circulation
340
5.2.4 Lateral dispersion between the mesoscale and the microscale
345
5.2.5 Diapycnal mixing in and above the main thermocline
346
5.2.6 Mixing in the abyss
352
5.2.7 Discussion
354
5.3
Subduction
357
James F. Price
5.3.1 A little of the background on oceanic subduction
357
5.3.2 Surface-layer dynamics and thermodynamics of the subduction process
360
5.3.3 Development of steady, continuous models: Application to
numerical model analysis and observations
361
5.3.4 Transient response of the thermocline to decadal variability
365
5.3.5 Summary and outlook
370
CONTENTS
viii