5.4
Mode Waters
373
Kimio Hanawa and Lynne D. Talley
5.4.1 Ventilation and mode water generation
373
5.4.2 Definition, detection and general characteristics of mode waters
374
5.4.3 Geographical distribution of mixed-layer depth and mode waters in the world’s oceans
376
5.4.4 Temporal variability of mode water properties and distribution
384
5.4.5 Summary
386
5.5
Deep Convection
387
John Lazier, Robert Pickart and Peter Rhines
5.5.1 Convection and spreading
387
5.5.2 Plumes – the mixing agent
391
5.5.3 Temperature and salinity variability
393
5.5.4 Restratification
396
5.5.5 Summary and discussion
398
5.6
The Dense Northern Overflows
401
Peter M. Saunders
5.6.1 The sources
401
5.6.2 Overflow paths
402
5.6.3 Observed transport means and variability
404
5.6.4 Processes in the overflows
411
5.6.5 Analytical models of the overflow
412
5.6.6 Numerical models of the overflow
414
5.6.7 Overflow variability
416
5.6.8 What have we learnt in WOCE?
416
5.7
Mediterranean Water and Global Circulation
419
Julio Candela
5.7.1 Marginal seas
419
5.7.2 Formation of Mediterranean Water
421
5.7.3 Outflow of Mediterranean Water at the Strait of Gibraltar
422
5.7.4 The effect of Mediterranean Water outflow on the circulation of the
North Atlantic and the World Oceans
427
5.8
Transformation and Age of Water Masses
431
P. Schlosser, J. L. Bullister, R. Fine, W. J. Jenkins, R. Key, J. Lupton,
W. Roether and W. M. Smethie, Jr
5.8.1 Background
431
5.8.2 Tracer methodology and techniques
432
5.8.3 Exemplary results
433
5.8.4 Outlook
450
Section 6: Large-Scale Ocean Transports
Section 6 plates appear between pages 492 and 493
6.1
Ocean Heat Transport
455
Harry L. Bryden and Shiro Imawaki
6.1.1 The global heat balance
455
6.1.2 Bulk formula estimates of ocean heat transport
456
6.1.3 Residual method estimates of ocean heat transport
458
6.1.4 Direct estimates of ocean heat transport
459
6.1.5 Discussion
466
6.1.6 Challenges
470
6.1.7 Summary
473
6.1.8 Outlook for direct estimates of ocean heat transport
474
CONTENTS
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