Thermocline (cont.)
equatorial 18
horizontal advection 247
Indian Ocean 255–256
main 18, 164, 340
seasonal variability 530
subduction process see Subduction
theory 18
transient response to decadal variability
365–370, 365, 366, 367, 368
tropical–subpolar exchange of
Intermediate Water 252–254
tropical–subtropical water exchanges
248, 248–252, 249
Equatorial Undercurrent source
water 249
upper 251
ventilation 362, 364–365, 564
Pacific Ocean tracer studies
433–435, 434, 435
Thermohaline circulation 21–23, 24, 227,
302, 337, 563
AAIW (Antarctic Intermediate Water)
438
Agulhas Retroflection transport 310
anthropogenic climate change 7
Atlantic Ocean tracer studies 435–438,
437
Bering Strait transport 306–307
coupled ocean–atmosphere models
88–90, 89, 92
future stability 93–94, 94
deep-ocean monitoring 9
deep/intermediate water mass
formation 21
diapycnal mixing 338–339
flows over sills 22, 23
high-resolution modelling 73–76, 77
Indonesian Throughflow 309–310
interocean exchange 304–307, 310
large scale cells 305
marginal seas 419
Mediterranean outflow contribution
429
models 86
NADW (North Atlantic Deep Water)
export 305
Nordic Sea overflows 89, 90, 94
numerical modelling 553, 554
Southern Ocean 296–300, 299
sudden climate change models 27
tropical Pacific Ocean 220
water mass transformation 317
see also GCMs (General Circulation
Models)
Thermohaline intrusions 346
Thermostad 249, 252, 253
Tidal current estimation 118
Tide gauge data
altimetry comparisons 142, 142, 161
sea-level change measurements 28, 65,
66, 535
WOCE Data System 188
Time scales
climate change 12, 50, 53, 54
random walk phenomena 54
climate prediction 595
DBE (Deep Basin Experiment) 268,
270
models 63
coupled ocean–atmosphere 79
high-resolution 63–64, 73, 77
ocean change 49, 51
rapid 6–7, 51
WHP data 105
Time series measurements 102, 532
model performance evaluation 64
stochastic variability 54–55, 55, 56
Time-evolving ocean circulation
modelling 539, 539
TIROS 196, 204
TIROS-N 32
TOGA (Tropical Ocean–Global
Atmosphere) study 3–4, 9, 35, 79,
91, 150, 215, 221, 222, 531, 534,
588, 591, 595
COARE (Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere
Response Experiment) 219
global ocean surface circulation data
194
meteorological data collection 120
Pacific Ocean surface circulation
computation 199
surface drifter observations 14
Tomographic integrals 58
Tonga-Kermadec trench 444
Tongue-like distributions 99
Mediterranean outflow 419
tracers 48, 52
TOPEX/POSEIDON 5, 8, 28, 51, 65,
105, 142, 143, 198, 470, 471,
526, 538, 539, 542, 574, 590
altimetry
heat flux determinations 150
sea-level variability resolution 148,
149
development 35, 37
launch 41
ocean topography estimates 144, 145,
146, 147
WOCE Data system 188
Topographic steering, ACC (Antarctic
Circumpolar Current) 290–291,
292
Topographic waves see Rossby waves
Total alkalinity measurements 497, 498,
499
CRMs (certified reference materials)
499, 501, 502
data quality 501, 502
Total dissolved inorganic carbon
see TCO 2
Total ocean circulation 589
Tracer studies 4, 431–452, 470, 471,
473, 495, 526, 589, 591–592
AABW (Antarctic Bottom Water)
formation rate 296
AAIW (Antarctic Intermediate Water)
renewal in Atlantic Ocean
438–440, 439, 440, 441
Atlantic Ocean deep thermohaline
circulation 427, 435–438
Brazil Basin 352
CO 2 uptake estimates 492
coupled ocean–atmosphere models 90
DBE (Deep Basin Experiment) 267
glacial meltwater addition around
Antarctica 448, 448–449, 449
interior circulation 209
diapycnal mixing 347, 347, 348
mesoscale/microscale lateral dispersion
345
Pacific Ocean 433–435, 434, 435
deep/bottom water circulation
444–446, 446
Indian Ocean exchange 449–450,
451
mid-depth circulation 440–444, 442
thermocline ventilation 433–435,
434, 435
tropical–subtropical thermocline
water exchanges 249–250, 250
principles 432–433
Southern Ocean deep water formation
446–448
subduction 364–365
techniques 432–433
WHP (WOCE Hydrographic
Programme) 101
one-time survey 104, 105
Transient Tracers in the Ocean see TTO
Transit navigation system 32
Tritium (
3
H) tracer studies 432
Indonesian Archepelago interocean
exchange 449
Pacific Ocean
thermocline ventilation 433–435,
434, 435
tropical–subtropical thermocline
water exchange 249–250, 250
TRM (Temporal–Residual–Mean)
circulation 338, 340–345, 343
TRMM 179, 180
Tropical Atlantic Gradient Index see
TAGI
Tropical Atlantic Study see TAS
Tropical Atmosphere Ocean mooring
array see TAO mooring array
Tropical cell 219, 251
Tropical Instability Waves 201, 215,
221–222
Tropical ocean circulation 215–246
equatorial Atlantic 226–233
flow patterns 215–216
Indian Ocean 233–245
Pacific Ocean 216–226
water mass transformation patterns
215–216
Tropical Ocean–Global Atmosphere
study see TOGA study
T-S (temperature/salinity) relation 336,
357, 358, 394
Tsuchiya Jets 222, 225–226, 245
TTO (Transient Tracers in the Ocean)
101, 431, 435, 437, 444, 497
TAS 438
Turbulent framework of ocean
circulation 48, 51, 51, 56
INDEX
710
equatorial 18
horizontal advection 247
Indian Ocean 255–256
main 18, 164, 340
seasonal variability 530
subduction process see Subduction
theory 18
transient response to decadal variability
365–370, 365, 366, 367, 368
tropical–subpolar exchange of
Intermediate Water 252–254
tropical–subtropical water exchanges
248, 248–252, 249
Equatorial Undercurrent source
water 249
upper 251
ventilation 362, 364–365, 564
Pacific Ocean tracer studies
433–435, 434, 435
Thermohaline circulation 21–23, 24, 227,
302, 337, 563
AAIW (Antarctic Intermediate Water)
438
Agulhas Retroflection transport 310
anthropogenic climate change 7
Atlantic Ocean tracer studies 435–438,
437
Bering Strait transport 306–307
coupled ocean–atmosphere models
88–90, 89, 92
future stability 93–94, 94
deep-ocean monitoring 9
deep/intermediate water mass
formation 21
diapycnal mixing 338–339
flows over sills 22, 23
high-resolution modelling 73–76, 77
Indonesian Throughflow 309–310
interocean exchange 304–307, 310
large scale cells 305
marginal seas 419
Mediterranean outflow contribution
429
models 86
NADW (North Atlantic Deep Water)
export 305
Nordic Sea overflows 89, 90, 94
numerical modelling 553, 554
Southern Ocean 296–300, 299
sudden climate change models 27
tropical Pacific Ocean 220
water mass transformation 317
see also GCMs (General Circulation
Models)
Thermohaline intrusions 346
Thermostad 249, 252, 253
Tidal current estimation 118
Tide gauge data
altimetry comparisons 142, 142, 161
sea-level change measurements 28, 65,
66, 535
WOCE Data System 188
Time scales
climate change 12, 50, 53, 54
random walk phenomena 54
climate prediction 595
DBE (Deep Basin Experiment) 268,
270
models 63
coupled ocean–atmosphere 79
high-resolution 63–64, 73, 77
ocean change 49, 51
rapid 6–7, 51
WHP data 105
Time series measurements 102, 532
model performance evaluation 64
stochastic variability 54–55, 55, 56
Time-evolving ocean circulation
modelling 539, 539
TIROS 196, 204
TIROS-N 32
TOGA (Tropical Ocean–Global
Atmosphere) study 3–4, 9, 35, 79,
91, 150, 215, 221, 222, 531, 534,
588, 591, 595
COARE (Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere
Response Experiment) 219
global ocean surface circulation data
194
meteorological data collection 120
Pacific Ocean surface circulation
computation 199
surface drifter observations 14
Tomographic integrals 58
Tonga-Kermadec trench 444
Tongue-like distributions 99
Mediterranean outflow 419
tracers 48, 52
TOPEX/POSEIDON 5, 8, 28, 51, 65,
105, 142, 143, 198, 470, 471,
526, 538, 539, 542, 574, 590
altimetry
heat flux determinations 150
sea-level variability resolution 148,
149
development 35, 37
launch 41
ocean topography estimates 144, 145,
146, 147
WOCE Data system 188
Topographic steering, ACC (Antarctic
Circumpolar Current) 290–291,
292
Topographic waves see Rossby waves
Total alkalinity measurements 497, 498,
499
CRMs (certified reference materials)
499, 501, 502
data quality 501, 502
Total dissolved inorganic carbon
see TCO 2
Total ocean circulation 589
Tracer studies 4, 431–452, 470, 471,
473, 495, 526, 589, 591–592
AABW (Antarctic Bottom Water)
formation rate 296
AAIW (Antarctic Intermediate Water)
renewal in Atlantic Ocean
438–440, 439, 440, 441
Atlantic Ocean deep thermohaline
circulation 427, 435–438
Brazil Basin 352
CO 2 uptake estimates 492
coupled ocean–atmosphere models 90
DBE (Deep Basin Experiment) 267
glacial meltwater addition around
Antarctica 448, 448–449, 449
interior circulation 209
diapycnal mixing 347, 347, 348
mesoscale/microscale lateral dispersion
345
Pacific Ocean 433–435, 434, 435
deep/bottom water circulation
444–446, 446
Indian Ocean exchange 449–450,
451
mid-depth circulation 440–444, 442
thermocline ventilation 433–435,
434, 435
tropical–subtropical thermocline
water exchanges 249–250, 250
principles 432–433
Southern Ocean deep water formation
446–448
subduction 364–365
techniques 432–433
WHP (WOCE Hydrographic
Programme) 101
one-time survey 104, 105
Transient Tracers in the Ocean see TTO
Transit navigation system 32
Tritium (
3
H) tracer studies 432
Indonesian Archepelago interocean
exchange 449
Pacific Ocean
thermocline ventilation 433–435,
434, 435
tropical–subtropical thermocline
water exchange 249–250, 250
TRM (Temporal–Residual–Mean)
circulation 338, 340–345, 343
TRMM 179, 180
Tropical Atlantic Gradient Index see
TAGI
Tropical Atlantic Study see TAS
Tropical Atmosphere Ocean mooring
array see TAO mooring array
Tropical cell 219, 251
Tropical Instability Waves 201, 215,
221–222
Tropical ocean circulation 215–246
equatorial Atlantic 226–233
flow patterns 215–216
Indian Ocean 233–245
Pacific Ocean 216–226
water mass transformation patterns
215–216
Tropical Ocean–Global Atmosphere
study see TOGA study
T-S (temperature/salinity) relation 336,
357, 358, 394
Tsuchiya Jets 222, 225–226, 245
TTO (Transient Tracers in the Ocean)
101, 431, 435, 437, 444, 497
TAS 438
Turbulent framework of ocean
circulation 48, 51, 51, 56
INDEX
710