SSS (sea surface salinity)
data management 40
WOCE Data system 188
surface water mass 323–325, 324
SST (sea surface temperature) 21
coupled ocean–atmosphere models 87,
92
Global Drifter Programme data 194,
195
interocean exchange of anomalies 305
North Pacific Ocean 561, 562
numerical modelling 553, 554
seasonal variations, subduction
response 365–366, 365, 366
shipboard measurements 120
solar radiation absorption/reflection 14
surface water mass 321–323, 322, 323,
327
SVP drifter design 195, 204
tropical
anomalies 25
atmospheric convection 215
Indian Ocean 239, 242, 245
ocean circulation 215, 216, 245
Pacific Ocean 222
upper ocean thermal field data sets
533–534
WOCE Data system 188
Stability 93–94
Standard Positioning Service see SPS
Steric height, interior circulation studies
206–207, 207
Stirring 337
mesoscale eddies 337–338
STMW (Subtropical Mode Water) 373,
376
Indian Ocean 382
South Atlantic Ocean 381
South Pacific Ocean 382
Stochastic theory of climate 54
Strait of Gibraltar 419, 422
Atlantic–Mediterranean Water
exchange
measurements 423–424, 423, 424
seasonal cycle 424–425
Mediterranean Water outflow 422–427
Strait of Sicily 420
Streamtube models
AABW (Antarctic Bottom Water)
formation 447
northern outflows 413, 414
thermocline mass flux 358, 359
STUW (Subtropical Underwater) 377,
435
Subantarctic Flux and Dynamics
Experiment see SAFDE
Subantarctic Front see SAF
Subantarctic Intermediate Water 357
see also AAIW
Subantarctic Mode Water see SAMW
Subduction 18, 256, 357–371, 529
continuous models 361–362, 362
eastward bias 360, 366
Ekman pumping 360, 361, 361, 362,
369–370, 373, 374
kinematic model 563–565, 564
freshening processes 565
pure heave 565
warmed surface water 564–565
lateral induction 360–361, 374
mode waters 376, 383, 384
numerical models 362–365, 363, 364
Pacific Ocean STUW tracer studies 435
rate 360
surface layer dynamics 360–361
surface water mass transformation 319,
320
Sverdrup transport 358, 360
T/S (temperature/salinity) relationship
357, 358
tracer studies 364–365
ventilated thermocline model 359, 359
Subduction layers 247
temperature anomalies 256
Subpolar Mode Water see SPMW
Subsurface fields, sea-level variability
relation 155, 157–158
Subtropical cell 251
Subtropical Countercurrent 170
Subtropical Mode Water see STMW
Subtropical Underwater see STUW
Surface boundary layer 81
Surface circulation 14
eddy energy distribution 200–201, 200
global mean velocity/velocity variance
198–201
instrumental methodology 195,
195–198, 196
ship drift measurements 99
TOGA observing system 4
wind-driven 17–21
see also Upper ocean structure/currents
Surface flux 84
data sets 534–535
errors 84
Surface meteorology, data management
40, 188
Surface mixed layer 17
numerical models 551
Surface Velocity Programme drifters
see Global Drifter Programme
Surface water mass 317–336
diapycnal circulation 318
diapycnal volume fluxes 318–319
density budgets 319–320, 319
formation 332–335
seasonal thermocline/mixed layer
mixing 320–321, 321
SSD (sea surface density) 325–326,
325, 326
SSS (sea surface salinity) 323–325, 324
SST (sea surface temperature) 321–323,
322, 323
surface fluxes
bulk formulae 326–328
density 331
freshwater 326–327, 330–331, 331
heat 326–330, 330
transformation 332–335
interannual variability 335
ocean basin rates 332–334, 332, 333
theoretical aspects 318–321
Sverdrup transport 18, 152, 206, 209,
211, 358, 360
ACC (Antarctic Circumpolar Current)
dynamics 273, 280–282, 301
model simulations 68, 69
topographic effects 210
tropical Indian Ocean 237, 243
SVP (Surface Velocity Programme)
drifters see Global Drifter
Programme
Swallow floats 31, 124–125, 124, 137,
260
SYNOP (Synoptic Ocean Prediction)
study 71
TAGI (Tropical Atlantic Gradient Index)
531
Tahiti–Darwin pressure see SOI
(Southern Oscillation Index)
TAO (Tropical Atmosphere Ocean)
mooring array 25, 215, 588, 590
tropical Pacific Ocean 222
TAS (Tropical Atlantic Study) 431, 435
Tasman Sea 305, 306
TCO 2 (total dissolved inorganic
carbon)
equilibrium concentration variation
with temperature 519, 519
measurement 497
certified reference materials 499
coulometry 498–499
data quality 501
meridional carbon transport calculation 514, 515
preformed-CO 2 methods 503–504,
506
time series comparison methods
511–513
Temperature 123
atmosphere–ocean interactions 13
data accuracy 109
decadal time scale changes 25–26
deep convection-related variability
393–396, 393, 394, 395
deep ocean 21
global observation systems 100, 101
surface see SST (sea surface
temperature)
thermal equator 5
upper ocean thermal field data sets
533–534
WHP measurement standards 107
WHP one-time survey 105
Temporal–Residual–Mean circulation
see TRM circulation
Thermal expansion 7, 8, 150, 161–162,
596
sea-level change 28
Thermal wind equation 143–144
Thermocline 247, 254–255, 259
Atlantic Ocean 256
continuous models 361–362, 362
diffusive models 247
INDEX
709
data management 40
WOCE Data system 188
surface water mass 323–325, 324
SST (sea surface temperature) 21
coupled ocean–atmosphere models 87,
92
Global Drifter Programme data 194,
195
interocean exchange of anomalies 305
North Pacific Ocean 561, 562
numerical modelling 553, 554
seasonal variations, subduction
response 365–366, 365, 366
shipboard measurements 120
solar radiation absorption/reflection 14
surface water mass 321–323, 322, 323,
327
SVP drifter design 195, 204
tropical
anomalies 25
atmospheric convection 215
Indian Ocean 239, 242, 245
ocean circulation 215, 216, 245
Pacific Ocean 222
upper ocean thermal field data sets
533–534
WOCE Data system 188
Stability 93–94
Standard Positioning Service see SPS
Steric height, interior circulation studies
206–207, 207
Stirring 337
mesoscale eddies 337–338
STMW (Subtropical Mode Water) 373,
376
Indian Ocean 382
South Atlantic Ocean 381
South Pacific Ocean 382
Stochastic theory of climate 54
Strait of Gibraltar 419, 422
Atlantic–Mediterranean Water
exchange
measurements 423–424, 423, 424
seasonal cycle 424–425
Mediterranean Water outflow 422–427
Strait of Sicily 420
Streamtube models
AABW (Antarctic Bottom Water)
formation 447
northern outflows 413, 414
thermocline mass flux 358, 359
STUW (Subtropical Underwater) 377,
435
Subantarctic Flux and Dynamics
Experiment see SAFDE
Subantarctic Front see SAF
Subantarctic Intermediate Water 357
see also AAIW
Subantarctic Mode Water see SAMW
Subduction 18, 256, 357–371, 529
continuous models 361–362, 362
eastward bias 360, 366
Ekman pumping 360, 361, 361, 362,
369–370, 373, 374
kinematic model 563–565, 564
freshening processes 565
pure heave 565
warmed surface water 564–565
lateral induction 360–361, 374
mode waters 376, 383, 384
numerical models 362–365, 363, 364
Pacific Ocean STUW tracer studies 435
rate 360
surface layer dynamics 360–361
surface water mass transformation 319,
320
Sverdrup transport 358, 360
T/S (temperature/salinity) relationship
357, 358
tracer studies 364–365
ventilated thermocline model 359, 359
Subduction layers 247
temperature anomalies 256
Subpolar Mode Water see SPMW
Subsurface fields, sea-level variability
relation 155, 157–158
Subtropical cell 251
Subtropical Countercurrent 170
Subtropical Mode Water see STMW
Subtropical Underwater see STUW
Surface boundary layer 81
Surface circulation 14
eddy energy distribution 200–201, 200
global mean velocity/velocity variance
198–201
instrumental methodology 195,
195–198, 196
ship drift measurements 99
TOGA observing system 4
wind-driven 17–21
see also Upper ocean structure/currents
Surface flux 84
data sets 534–535
errors 84
Surface meteorology, data management
40, 188
Surface mixed layer 17
numerical models 551
Surface Velocity Programme drifters
see Global Drifter Programme
Surface water mass 317–336
diapycnal circulation 318
diapycnal volume fluxes 318–319
density budgets 319–320, 319
formation 332–335
seasonal thermocline/mixed layer
mixing 320–321, 321
SSD (sea surface density) 325–326,
325, 326
SSS (sea surface salinity) 323–325, 324
SST (sea surface temperature) 321–323,
322, 323
surface fluxes
bulk formulae 326–328
density 331
freshwater 326–327, 330–331, 331
heat 326–330, 330
transformation 332–335
interannual variability 335
ocean basin rates 332–334, 332, 333
theoretical aspects 318–321
Sverdrup transport 18, 152, 206, 209,
211, 358, 360
ACC (Antarctic Circumpolar Current)
dynamics 273, 280–282, 301
model simulations 68, 69
topographic effects 210
tropical Indian Ocean 237, 243
SVP (Surface Velocity Programme)
drifters see Global Drifter
Programme
Swallow floats 31, 124–125, 124, 137,
260
SYNOP (Synoptic Ocean Prediction)
study 71
TAGI (Tropical Atlantic Gradient Index)
531
Tahiti–Darwin pressure see SOI
(Southern Oscillation Index)
TAO (Tropical Atmosphere Ocean)
mooring array 25, 215, 588, 590
tropical Pacific Ocean 222
TAS (Tropical Atlantic Study) 431, 435
Tasman Sea 305, 306
TCO 2 (total dissolved inorganic
carbon)
equilibrium concentration variation
with temperature 519, 519
measurement 497
certified reference materials 499
coulometry 498–499
data quality 501
meridional carbon transport calculation 514, 515
preformed-CO 2 methods 503–504,
506
time series comparison methods
511–513
Temperature 123
atmosphere–ocean interactions 13
data accuracy 109
decadal time scale changes 25–26
deep convection-related variability
393–396, 393, 394, 395
deep ocean 21
global observation systems 100, 101
surface see SST (sea surface
temperature)
thermal equator 5
upper ocean thermal field data sets
533–534
WHP measurement standards 107
WHP one-time survey 105
Temporal–Residual–Mean circulation
see TRM circulation
Thermal expansion 7, 8, 150, 161–162,
596
sea-level change 28
Thermal wind equation 143–144
Thermocline 247, 254–255, 259
Atlantic Ocean 256
continuous models 361–362, 362
diffusive models 247
INDEX
709