Sea surface temperature see SST
Sea-level change 7, 8, 27–29
climate change assessment 596
contributing factors 28–29
global mean-sea-level 160–162, 161
over last 200 years 27–28
thermal expansion 28
SEASAT 142, 144, 162, 175
Seasonal variations 4, 6, 17, 530
carbon dioxide exchange 11–12
Mediterranean outflow 424–425
Mediterranean Sea evaporation 425
mode waters 384
Pacific Ocean 531
sea surface height 158–159
temperature cycles 11, 17
subduction response 365–366, 365,
366
thermocline 530
mixing processes 320–321, 321
tropical Indian Ocean
oxygen distribution 240, 241
salinity 240–241, 240
SeaWinds 175, 176
SEC (South Equatorial Current) 216,
219, 245
equatorial Atlantic Ocean 227
Global Drifter Programme data 200
Pacific Ocean 222
WOCE float programme 131–132, 135
SECTIONS 33, 34
SEIC (Southern Equatorial Intermediate
Current) 222
SEISAMW (Southeastern Indian
Subantarctic Mode Water) 382,
383
Selective Availability see SA
Sensible heat flux 15, 173, 328
parameterization 173–174
satellite data 178–179
SEQUAL 226
SEVIRI (Spinning Enhanced Visible and
Infrared Imager) 180
Shadow zones 359, 366
Shelf circulations 23, 29
offshore forcing 29
Shelf productivity 29–30
Shetland–Faroe–Iceland–Greenland ridge
system see Iceland–Scotland
overflow
Ship-drift measurements 99, 193, 198
Global Drifter Programme data
comparisons 200, 201
tropical Indian Ocean zonal flows 236
Ship-of-Opportunity Programme see
SOOP
Shipboard observations
air–sea heat flux 15
coulometric TCO 2 measurements
498–499
CRMs (certified reference materials)
499
shore-based analyses comparisons
499–501, 500
cruise documentation summaries 108
meteorology 120–121
methods 100, 111–120
wind stress fields 14
WOCE planning 37, 38
WOCE systems 58, 99–122, 526
Short-wave radiation, satellite data 178
SICC (South Intermediate
CounterCurrent) 222
Silicate, WHP data accuracy 110
Sill overflows
coupled ocean–atmosphere models 89,
94
Nordic Seas see Northern overflows
thermohaline circulation models 73,
74, 74
Skylab 142
Snow cover 16
Snow melt 17
SO (Southern Oscillation) 562, 573, 582
SOFAR (Sound Fixing and Ranging) see
Floats
SOI (Southern Oscillation Index) 236,
531
Solar cycles 6
SOLO see Floats
Somali Current 19, 233, 240, 241, 242,
243, 244, 246
Somali Current System 239–242, 241,
245
SOOP (Ship-of-Opportunity Programme)
590, 592
South Atlantic Central Water see SACW
South Atlantic Ocean
boundary currents 19
deep western boundary 206–207
box inverse models 528
hydrographic data sets 533
subtropical mode waters 381–382
thermal expansion rates 28
WHP one-time survey 102
wind-forced sea-level variability
151–152
WOCE float programme 132–134,
132, 136
South Atlantic Ventilation Experiment
see SAVE
South Equatorial Current see SEC
South Equatorial Undercurrent 227
South Intermediate CounterCurrent
see SICC
South Pacific Ocean
hydrographic data sets 533
subtropical mode waters 382
WOCE float programme 131–132,
132, 135
South Pacific Subtropical Mode Water
see SPSTMW
Southeastern Indian Subantarctic Mode
Water see SEISAMW
Southern Equatorial Intermediate Current
see SEIC
Southern Gyre 236, 242
Southern Ocean
atmospheric pressure measurements
195
box inverse models 528
circulation models 300
CO 2 storage estimates 492
deep convection 7
deep water formation, tracer studies
446–448
eddy fluxes 301
flow dynamics 271–274, 300–301
freshwater flux 330, 485
global overturning circulation
296–300, 299
interannual variability 92
internal wave shears 352–353
meridional overturning 303–304,
339
mode waters 382–384
ocean basin models development 61
repeat hydrography 106
shipboard meteorological data
collection 121
surface water mass transformation
rates 332, 332, 333, 334
wind stress 13
wind-driven circulation models 71
winter heat losses 17
WOCE objectives 300, 301, 302
WOCE planning 38
Southern Oscillation see SO
Southern Oscillation Index see SOI
Southern Subsurface CounterCurrent
see SSCC
Special Analysis Centres see SACs
Special Sensor Microwave/Imager
see SSM/I
Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared
Imager see SEVIRI
SPMW (Subpolar Mode Water) 373, 377,
379, 380
SPOT 35
SPS (Standard Positioning Service) 113
SPSTMW (South Pacific Subtropical
Mode Water) 382
interannual variation 385
seasonal variation 384
SSCC (Southern Subsurface
CounterCurrent) 222, 225, 245
SSD (sea surface density), surface water
mass 325, 325–326, 326
transformation estimation 332
SSH (sea surface height) 142, 471, 473
altimetry 142–143, 148–163, 163
annual cycle 158–159
atmospheric forcing 65, 66, 70, 71, 71,
72, 148–149, 535
data assimilation 539, 540, 540
data management 40
interannual variability 159–160
tropical Indian Ocean 243
Kelvin waves 155, 156
Rossby waves 151, 153
extratropical 153–155, 154
tropical 155
steric effect 149–151
subsurface variability relation 155,
157–158
tide gauge data 65, 66
SSM/I (Special Sensor Microwave/Imager)
174, 177, 179
INDEX
708
Sea-level change 7, 8, 27–29
climate change assessment 596
contributing factors 28–29
global mean-sea-level 160–162, 161
over last 200 years 27–28
thermal expansion 28
SEASAT 142, 144, 162, 175
Seasonal variations 4, 6, 17, 530
carbon dioxide exchange 11–12
Mediterranean outflow 424–425
Mediterranean Sea evaporation 425
mode waters 384
Pacific Ocean 531
sea surface height 158–159
temperature cycles 11, 17
subduction response 365–366, 365,
366
thermocline 530
mixing processes 320–321, 321
tropical Indian Ocean
oxygen distribution 240, 241
salinity 240–241, 240
SeaWinds 175, 176
SEC (South Equatorial Current) 216,
219, 245
equatorial Atlantic Ocean 227
Global Drifter Programme data 200
Pacific Ocean 222
WOCE float programme 131–132, 135
SECTIONS 33, 34
SEIC (Southern Equatorial Intermediate
Current) 222
SEISAMW (Southeastern Indian
Subantarctic Mode Water) 382,
383
Selective Availability see SA
Sensible heat flux 15, 173, 328
parameterization 173–174
satellite data 178–179
SEQUAL 226
SEVIRI (Spinning Enhanced Visible and
Infrared Imager) 180
Shadow zones 359, 366
Shelf circulations 23, 29
offshore forcing 29
Shelf productivity 29–30
Shetland–Faroe–Iceland–Greenland ridge
system see Iceland–Scotland
overflow
Ship-drift measurements 99, 193, 198
Global Drifter Programme data
comparisons 200, 201
tropical Indian Ocean zonal flows 236
Ship-of-Opportunity Programme see
SOOP
Shipboard observations
air–sea heat flux 15
coulometric TCO 2 measurements
498–499
CRMs (certified reference materials)
499
shore-based analyses comparisons
499–501, 500
cruise documentation summaries 108
meteorology 120–121
methods 100, 111–120
wind stress fields 14
WOCE planning 37, 38
WOCE systems 58, 99–122, 526
Short-wave radiation, satellite data 178
SICC (South Intermediate
CounterCurrent) 222
Silicate, WHP data accuracy 110
Sill overflows
coupled ocean–atmosphere models 89,
94
Nordic Seas see Northern overflows
thermohaline circulation models 73,
74, 74
Skylab 142
Snow cover 16
Snow melt 17
SO (Southern Oscillation) 562, 573, 582
SOFAR (Sound Fixing and Ranging) see
Floats
SOI (Southern Oscillation Index) 236,
531
Solar cycles 6
SOLO see Floats
Somali Current 19, 233, 240, 241, 242,
243, 244, 246
Somali Current System 239–242, 241,
245
SOOP (Ship-of-Opportunity Programme)
590, 592
South Atlantic Central Water see SACW
South Atlantic Ocean
boundary currents 19
deep western boundary 206–207
box inverse models 528
hydrographic data sets 533
subtropical mode waters 381–382
thermal expansion rates 28
WHP one-time survey 102
wind-forced sea-level variability
151–152
WOCE float programme 132–134,
132, 136
South Atlantic Ventilation Experiment
see SAVE
South Equatorial Current see SEC
South Equatorial Undercurrent 227
South Intermediate CounterCurrent
see SICC
South Pacific Ocean
hydrographic data sets 533
subtropical mode waters 382
WOCE float programme 131–132,
132, 135
South Pacific Subtropical Mode Water
see SPSTMW
Southeastern Indian Subantarctic Mode
Water see SEISAMW
Southern Equatorial Intermediate Current
see SEIC
Southern Gyre 236, 242
Southern Ocean
atmospheric pressure measurements
195
box inverse models 528
circulation models 300
CO 2 storage estimates 492
deep convection 7
deep water formation, tracer studies
446–448
eddy fluxes 301
flow dynamics 271–274, 300–301
freshwater flux 330, 485
global overturning circulation
296–300, 299
interannual variability 92
internal wave shears 352–353
meridional overturning 303–304,
339
mode waters 382–384
ocean basin models development 61
repeat hydrography 106
shipboard meteorological data
collection 121
surface water mass transformation
rates 332, 332, 333, 334
wind stress 13
wind-driven circulation models 71
winter heat losses 17
WOCE objectives 300, 301, 302
WOCE planning 38
Southern Oscillation see SO
Southern Oscillation Index see SOI
Southern Subsurface CounterCurrent
see SSCC
Special Analysis Centres see SACs
Special Sensor Microwave/Imager
see SSM/I
Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared
Imager see SEVIRI
SPMW (Subpolar Mode Water) 373, 377,
379, 380
SPOT 35
SPS (Standard Positioning Service) 113
SPSTMW (South Pacific Subtropical
Mode Water) 382
interannual variation 385
seasonal variation 384
SSCC (Southern Subsurface
CounterCurrent) 222, 225, 245
SSD (sea surface density), surface water
mass 325, 325–326, 326
transformation estimation 332
SSH (sea surface height) 142, 471, 473
altimetry 142–143, 148–163, 163
annual cycle 158–159
atmospheric forcing 65, 66, 70, 71, 71,
72, 148–149, 535
data assimilation 539, 540, 540
data management 40
interannual variability 159–160
tropical Indian Ocean 243
Kelvin waves 155, 156
Rossby waves 151, 153
extratropical 153–155, 154
tropical 155
steric effect 149–151
subsurface variability relation 155,
157–158
tide gauge data 65, 66
SSM/I (Special Sensor Microwave/Imager)
174, 177, 179
INDEX
708