indirect estimates 476, 480
MSU (microwave sounding unit) data
327
satellite data 179
shipboard meteorological data
collection 120
SSS (sea surface salinity) 324
surface fluxes estimation 327, 330
Predictability 4–6, 17, 30, 55–56
Profiling Autonomous LAgrangian
Circulation Explorer see Floats,
subsurface
PSMSL (Permanent Service for Mean Sea
Level) 27
QBO (QuasiBiennial Oscillation) 6
Quasi-geostrophic equations 61
QuikSCAT 175, 176, 179–180
Radiation
budget 178
heat transfer 14–15
long wave 14, 178, 455
satellite data 178–179
sea ice reflection 16
short wave 23, 86, 178, 455
solar 14, 15, 16–17, 23, 83
surface absorption 17
Radiocarbon measurements see Carbon
cycle
RAFOS see Floats
Random walk phenomena 54–55
Rapid ocean-related changes 6–7, 51
Recirculation
east of the Bahamas 264
Gulf Stream region 19, 151, 167, 205
Kuroshio region 167–168
Red Sea
deep water exit flows 22
SSS (sea surface salinity) 323
Red Sea Water 243, 266, 312, 313
Regional WOCE float programmes
135–137
Relaxation 84
Remote sensing 590
GODAE (Global Ocean Data
Assimilation Experiment) data
599
see also Satellite technology
Repeat hydrography, WHP 102, 105–106
achievements of programme 106, 121
data quality assurance 108
interannual/decadal variability studies
532, 557
magnitude of survey 102, 103
Representativeness 530, 557–558,
586–587
Restratification 396–398, 397, 398
Reykjanes Ridge 404, 407
Reynold numbers 164, 167, 168, 282
Rigid lid approximation 83
River runoff 17, 23, 29
Atlantic Ocean carbon transport 515,
518
coupled ocean–atmosphere models 82,
83
freshwater flux direct estimates 483,
483
Romanche Fracture Zone 266, 353
Ross Sea 401, 446, 448
Ross Sea Bottom Water see RSBW
Rossby radius 59, 60, 80, 168, 169, 286
Rossby waves 148, 149, 151, 153–155,
159, 167, 205, 256, 281
extratropical 153–155, 154
Pacific Ocean equatorial beams 226
tropical 155
Indian Ocean 236
Roughness
abyssal mixing 353
momentum transfer 16
space-based wind field measurements
56, 174, 175
RSBW (Ross Sea Bottom Water) 447
SA (Selective Availability) 113
SACs (Special Analysis Centres) 40,
183
Air–Sea Fluxes 188
hydrographic data 187
online access 535
surface flux data sets 535
SACW (South Atlantic Central Water)
438, 440
SAF (Subantarctic Front) 271, 274, 382,
383
SAFDE (Subantarctic Flux and Dynamics
Experiment) 278
Salinity 6, 7
ACC (Antarctic Circumpolar Current)
changes across Southern Atlantic
304
Arctic Ocean surface layer 23
atmosphere–ocean interactions 13
measurements 123
calibration issues 107, 109
data accuracy 109–110
Global Drifter Programme 195
WHP one-time survey 105, 109–110
WHP standards 107
Mediterranean Water 421, 422
interannual variability 425
Pacific Intermediate Waters 252–253,
253, 254
sea ice effects 16
seasonal distribution in tropical Indian
Ocean 240–241, 240
surface ocean
evaporation/precipitation difference
15
latitude effects 15
mixed layer stabilization 17
variability
decadal time scale 25–26
deep convection-related 393–396,
394, 395
see also Freshwater flux/transport
Salinometer analysis 107
Salt crystal condensation nuclei 15
Salt fingers 348
Salt flux divergence 83
Salt lenses see Meddies
Samoan Passage 260, 261, 262, 266
Sample measurements
data quality assurance 108
WHP (WOCE Hydrographic
Programme) 100, 102–111
data formats 109
SAMW (Subantarctic Mode Water) 95,
253, 292–294, 294, 334, 373,
374, 377, 381, 382–383
formation 528
global overturning circulation 298
large-scale warming 576–577, 576,
580, 582
Sargasso Sea 567
internal waves 352
SST (sea surface temperature) 385
Satellite technology 5, 8, 43, 56, 58
air-sea fluxes 173–180
altimetry see Altimetry
data management 181
WOCE Data system 188
early applications 32, 35
float programmes 138
Global Positioning System see GPS
heat flux 15, 327
radiation data 327
SST (sea surface temperature) 321
surface drifter tracking 193, 194
wind stress fields 14
WOCE
implementation 41
strategies development 50
SAVE (South Atlantic Ventilation
Experiment) 101, 110, 431, 435,
437, 438, 444, 498, 512
Scaling 337–338
Scatterometers 174, 175–177, 176,
179–180
WOCE Data system 188
SCOR (Scientific Committee for Oceanic
Research) 3
WOCE planning 33, 34
Sea ice
air–sea exchange processes 16–17, 23
coupled ocean–atmosphere models 82
formation 16
leads 15, 16
melting 17, 330
models 82
polynyas 15
snow cover 16
thickness 27
measurement systems 7
multiyear sea ice 6–7
see also Ice sheets
Sea surface density see SSD
Sea surface height see SSH
Sea surface salinity see SSS
INDEX
707
MSU (microwave sounding unit) data
327
satellite data 179
shipboard meteorological data
collection 120
SSS (sea surface salinity) 324
surface fluxes estimation 327, 330
Predictability 4–6, 17, 30, 55–56
Profiling Autonomous LAgrangian
Circulation Explorer see Floats,
subsurface
PSMSL (Permanent Service for Mean Sea
Level) 27
QBO (QuasiBiennial Oscillation) 6
Quasi-geostrophic equations 61
QuikSCAT 175, 176, 179–180
Radiation
budget 178
heat transfer 14–15
long wave 14, 178, 455
satellite data 178–179
sea ice reflection 16
short wave 23, 86, 178, 455
solar 14, 15, 16–17, 23, 83
surface absorption 17
Radiocarbon measurements see Carbon
cycle
RAFOS see Floats
Random walk phenomena 54–55
Rapid ocean-related changes 6–7, 51
Recirculation
east of the Bahamas 264
Gulf Stream region 19, 151, 167, 205
Kuroshio region 167–168
Red Sea
deep water exit flows 22
SSS (sea surface salinity) 323
Red Sea Water 243, 266, 312, 313
Regional WOCE float programmes
135–137
Relaxation 84
Remote sensing 590
GODAE (Global Ocean Data
Assimilation Experiment) data
599
see also Satellite technology
Repeat hydrography, WHP 102, 105–106
achievements of programme 106, 121
data quality assurance 108
interannual/decadal variability studies
532, 557
magnitude of survey 102, 103
Representativeness 530, 557–558,
586–587
Restratification 396–398, 397, 398
Reykjanes Ridge 404, 407
Reynold numbers 164, 167, 168, 282
Rigid lid approximation 83
River runoff 17, 23, 29
Atlantic Ocean carbon transport 515,
518
coupled ocean–atmosphere models 82,
83
freshwater flux direct estimates 483,
483
Romanche Fracture Zone 266, 353
Ross Sea 401, 446, 448
Ross Sea Bottom Water see RSBW
Rossby radius 59, 60, 80, 168, 169, 286
Rossby waves 148, 149, 151, 153–155,
159, 167, 205, 256, 281
extratropical 153–155, 154
Pacific Ocean equatorial beams 226
tropical 155
Indian Ocean 236
Roughness
abyssal mixing 353
momentum transfer 16
space-based wind field measurements
56, 174, 175
RSBW (Ross Sea Bottom Water) 447
SA (Selective Availability) 113
SACs (Special Analysis Centres) 40,
183
Air–Sea Fluxes 188
hydrographic data 187
online access 535
surface flux data sets 535
SACW (South Atlantic Central Water)
438, 440
SAF (Subantarctic Front) 271, 274, 382,
383
SAFDE (Subantarctic Flux and Dynamics
Experiment) 278
Salinity 6, 7
ACC (Antarctic Circumpolar Current)
changes across Southern Atlantic
304
Arctic Ocean surface layer 23
atmosphere–ocean interactions 13
measurements 123
calibration issues 107, 109
data accuracy 109–110
Global Drifter Programme 195
WHP one-time survey 105, 109–110
WHP standards 107
Mediterranean Water 421, 422
interannual variability 425
Pacific Intermediate Waters 252–253,
253, 254
sea ice effects 16
seasonal distribution in tropical Indian
Ocean 240–241, 240
surface ocean
evaporation/precipitation difference
15
latitude effects 15
mixed layer stabilization 17
variability
decadal time scale 25–26
deep convection-related 393–396,
394, 395
see also Freshwater flux/transport
Salinometer analysis 107
Salt crystal condensation nuclei 15
Salt fingers 348
Salt flux divergence 83
Salt lenses see Meddies
Samoan Passage 260, 261, 262, 266
Sample measurements
data quality assurance 108
WHP (WOCE Hydrographic
Programme) 100, 102–111
data formats 109
SAMW (Subantarctic Mode Water) 95,
253, 292–294, 294, 334, 373,
374, 377, 381, 382–383
formation 528
global overturning circulation 298
large-scale warming 576–577, 576,
580, 582
Sargasso Sea 567
internal waves 352
SST (sea surface temperature) 385
Satellite technology 5, 8, 43, 56, 58
air-sea fluxes 173–180
altimetry see Altimetry
data management 181
WOCE Data system 188
early applications 32, 35
float programmes 138
Global Positioning System see GPS
heat flux 15, 327
radiation data 327
SST (sea surface temperature) 321
surface drifter tracking 193, 194
wind stress fields 14
WOCE
implementation 41
strategies development 50
SAVE (South Atlantic Ventilation
Experiment) 101, 110, 431, 435,
437, 438, 444, 498, 512
Scaling 337–338
Scatterometers 174, 175–177, 176,
179–180
WOCE Data system 188
SCOR (Scientific Committee for Oceanic
Research) 3
WOCE planning 33, 34
Sea ice
air–sea exchange processes 16–17, 23
coupled ocean–atmosphere models 82
formation 16
leads 15, 16
melting 17, 330
models 82
polynyas 15
snow cover 16
thickness 27
measurement systems 7
multiyear sea ice 6–7
see also Ice sheets
Sea surface density see SSD
Sea surface height see SSH
Sea surface salinity see SSS
INDEX
707