Oden 572
One-time WHP survey 102–103
achievements 105, 121
CFC tracer studies 437, 438
CO 2 101, 105, 495, 496
data accuracy
nutrient measurements 110–111
oxygen measurements 110–111
quality assurance 108
salinity measurements 109–110
exclusion of high latitudes 105
hydrographic data sets 533
measurement standards 103, 103, 104
parameters measured 105
sampling grid 102, 103, 105
cross-overs as data consistency check
109, 110
tracer studies 431, 448, 449
Southern Ocean 446–447
OOSDP (Ocean Observing System
Development Panel) 35, 588
Operational atmospheric analysis 14, 15
Overflow
bottom boundary layer 350
entrainment 22, 23
water 89–90
see also Northern overflows;
Sill overflows
Overturning 21–22, 34, 81, 283
Oxygen measurements
seasonal distribution in tropical Indian
Ocean 240, 241
WHP
data accuracy 110–111
one-time survey 105
standards 107
Oyashio Current 68, 69
Ozone
Antarctic ozone hole 6
atmospheric profile observations 5
P-ALACE (Profiling Autonomous
LAgrangian Circulation Explorer)
see Floats
Pacific Decadal Oscillation see PDO
Pacific North Equatorial Current 200
Pacific Ocean
atmospheric circulation during WOCE
561–562, 563
box inverse models 528
circulation mapping from floats 527
deep helium field mapping 442–443,
442, 443
DWBCs (Deep Western Boundary
Currents) 260, 261–262, 262
eastern boundary currents 21
eddy energy distribution 201
Ekman velocity estimation 119–120
equatorial mean subthermocline zonal
currents 222–226, 223
Equatorial Intermediate Currents
225
reversing jets 224–225
Rossby wave beams 226
subsurface countercurrents (Tsuchiya
jets) 225–226
excess CO 2 concentration
distribution 510–511
flows within equatorial thermocline
216–222, 217
budget studies 219–220
eddy diffusion 220–221
Equatorial UnderCurrent dynamics
221
temporal variability 221–222
thermohaline phenomena 220
upper ocean flow pathways
217–219, 218
freshwater flux 330, 331, 335, 484,
485, 486
ACC (Antarctic Circumpolar
Current) 304
halocline 304
heat flux/transport 470, 471–472, 472
direct estimates 462–464
hydrographic sections 100
interior circulation 209
Intermediate Waters
long-term changes 26
tropical–subpolar exchange
252–254, 255
interocean exchange 304, 305, 313
tracer studies 449–450, 451
see also Indonesian Seas; Indonesian
Throughflow
meridional overturning circulation 339
Rossby waves 154–155
seasonal/interannual variability studies
531
solar radiation absorption 14
SST (sea surface temperature) variation
322, 322, 323, 323
STUW (Subtropical Underwater)
subduction rates 435
surface circulation
Global Drifter Programme data 199
tropical 194
surface water mass transformation
rates 332, 332, 333, 334
surface/subsurface temperature
monitoring 25
thermal expansion rates 28
tracer studies 433–435, 434, 435
deep/bottom water circulation
444–446, 446
mid-depth circulation 440–444, 442
thermocline ventilation 433–435,
434, 435
water mass transformation 432
tropical–subpolar water exchanges
252–254, 255
tropical–subtropical water exchanges
248, 248–252, 249
interior pathway 251, 252
particle subduction dynamics
251–252, 251
tropical/subtropical recirculating
cells 251
western boundary pathway 251, 252
velocity data sets 534
water mass large-scale changes 576,
576–580, 577, 578, 579
WHP one-time survey 102–103, 105,
109–110
see also North Pacific Ocean;
South Pacific Ocean
Pacific–North American pattern see PNA
pattern
Palaeoclimate records 26
coupled ocean–atmosphere model
simulations 92–93
Parameter estimation 173–174
Parameterization 81, 83, 173–174,
550–551
bottom boundary layer 344
diapycnal mixing 340, 341, 343–344,
551
eddy fluxes 285–286, 340, 341–342
isopycnal mixing 551
Partial pressure of dissolved CO 2
see pCO 2
Particle exchanges 15–16
pCO 2 (partial pressure of dissolved CO 2 )
497, 499
data quality 501
PDO (Pacific Decadal Oscillation) 25,
530, 531, 561–562
Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level
see PSMSL
Peru Current 19, 377
pH measurements 497, 499
Phosphate, WHP data accuracy 110, 111
Phytoplankton 16
Pilot Ocean Monitoring Study see POMS
PIlot Research Array in the Tropical
Atlantic see PIRATA
PIRATA (PIlot Research Array in the
Tropical Atlantic) 227
Planetary waves
baroclinic 153
barotropic 152–153
see also Rossby waves
Platinum resistance thermometers 107
Plumes 391–393, 392, 398
deep helium field mapping 443, 444
northern outflow models 413, 414
PNA (Pacific–North American) pattern
561
POLYGON 61
POLYGON-70 32
POLYMODE 32, 38, 48, 61, 125
Polynyas
deep convection processes 21
Weddell Sea 295
POMS (Pilot Ocean Monitoring Study)
34, 35
Potential vorticity field 528–529
interior circulation 209–210
Precipitation 17
atmosphere–ocean interactions 15, 173
condensation nuclei 15
coupled ocean–atmosphere models 82,
83
direct ocean estimates 480–481
ice–ocean interactions 7
INDEX
706
One-time WHP survey 102–103
achievements 105, 121
CFC tracer studies 437, 438
CO 2 101, 105, 495, 496
data accuracy
nutrient measurements 110–111
oxygen measurements 110–111
quality assurance 108
salinity measurements 109–110
exclusion of high latitudes 105
hydrographic data sets 533
measurement standards 103, 103, 104
parameters measured 105
sampling grid 102, 103, 105
cross-overs as data consistency check
109, 110
tracer studies 431, 448, 449
Southern Ocean 446–447
OOSDP (Ocean Observing System
Development Panel) 35, 588
Operational atmospheric analysis 14, 15
Overflow
bottom boundary layer 350
entrainment 22, 23
water 89–90
see also Northern overflows;
Sill overflows
Overturning 21–22, 34, 81, 283
Oxygen measurements
seasonal distribution in tropical Indian
Ocean 240, 241
WHP
data accuracy 110–111
one-time survey 105
standards 107
Oyashio Current 68, 69
Ozone
Antarctic ozone hole 6
atmospheric profile observations 5
P-ALACE (Profiling Autonomous
LAgrangian Circulation Explorer)
see Floats
Pacific Decadal Oscillation see PDO
Pacific North Equatorial Current 200
Pacific Ocean
atmospheric circulation during WOCE
561–562, 563
box inverse models 528
circulation mapping from floats 527
deep helium field mapping 442–443,
442, 443
DWBCs (Deep Western Boundary
Currents) 260, 261–262, 262
eastern boundary currents 21
eddy energy distribution 201
Ekman velocity estimation 119–120
equatorial mean subthermocline zonal
currents 222–226, 223
Equatorial Intermediate Currents
225
reversing jets 224–225
Rossby wave beams 226
subsurface countercurrents (Tsuchiya
jets) 225–226
excess CO 2 concentration
distribution 510–511
flows within equatorial thermocline
216–222, 217
budget studies 219–220
eddy diffusion 220–221
Equatorial UnderCurrent dynamics
221
temporal variability 221–222
thermohaline phenomena 220
upper ocean flow pathways
217–219, 218
freshwater flux 330, 331, 335, 484,
485, 486
ACC (Antarctic Circumpolar
Current) 304
halocline 304
heat flux/transport 470, 471–472, 472
direct estimates 462–464
hydrographic sections 100
interior circulation 209
Intermediate Waters
long-term changes 26
tropical–subpolar exchange
252–254, 255
interocean exchange 304, 305, 313
tracer studies 449–450, 451
see also Indonesian Seas; Indonesian
Throughflow
meridional overturning circulation 339
Rossby waves 154–155
seasonal/interannual variability studies
531
solar radiation absorption 14
SST (sea surface temperature) variation
322, 322, 323, 323
STUW (Subtropical Underwater)
subduction rates 435
surface circulation
Global Drifter Programme data 199
tropical 194
surface water mass transformation
rates 332, 332, 333, 334
surface/subsurface temperature
monitoring 25
thermal expansion rates 28
tracer studies 433–435, 434, 435
deep/bottom water circulation
444–446, 446
mid-depth circulation 440–444, 442
thermocline ventilation 433–435,
434, 435
water mass transformation 432
tropical–subpolar water exchanges
252–254, 255
tropical–subtropical water exchanges
248, 248–252, 249
interior pathway 251, 252
particle subduction dynamics
251–252, 251
tropical/subtropical recirculating
cells 251
western boundary pathway 251, 252
velocity data sets 534
water mass large-scale changes 576,
576–580, 577, 578, 579
WHP one-time survey 102–103, 105,
109–110
see also North Pacific Ocean;
South Pacific Ocean
Pacific–North American pattern see PNA
pattern
Palaeoclimate records 26
coupled ocean–atmosphere model
simulations 92–93
Parameter estimation 173–174
Parameterization 81, 83, 173–174,
550–551
bottom boundary layer 344
diapycnal mixing 340, 341, 343–344,
551
eddy fluxes 285–286, 340, 341–342
isopycnal mixing 551
Partial pressure of dissolved CO 2
see pCO 2
Particle exchanges 15–16
pCO 2 (partial pressure of dissolved CO 2 )
497, 499
data quality 501
PDO (Pacific Decadal Oscillation) 25,
530, 531, 561–562
Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level
see PSMSL
Peru Current 19, 377
pH measurements 497, 499
Phosphate, WHP data accuracy 110, 111
Phytoplankton 16
Pilot Ocean Monitoring Study see POMS
PIlot Research Array in the Tropical
Atlantic see PIRATA
PIRATA (PIlot Research Array in the
Tropical Atlantic) 227
Planetary waves
baroclinic 153
barotropic 152–153
see also Rossby waves
Platinum resistance thermometers 107
Plumes 391–393, 392, 398
deep helium field mapping 443, 444
northern outflow models 413, 414
PNA (Pacific–North American) pattern
561
POLYGON 61
POLYGON-70 32
POLYMODE 32, 38, 48, 61, 125
Polynyas
deep convection processes 21
Weddell Sea 295
POMS (Pilot Ocean Monitoring Study)
34, 35
Potential vorticity field 528–529
interior circulation 209–210
Precipitation 17
atmosphere–ocean interactions 15, 173
condensation nuclei 15
coupled ocean–atmosphere models 82,
83
direct ocean estimates 480–481
ice–ocean interactions 7
INDEX
706