heat transport 24
hydrographic data sets 533
low salinity water transfer from North
Pacific 23
meridional overturning 304
mode waters 377–380
multiyear timescale atmospheric
variability 25
ocean basin models development 61,
62
Rossby waves 153
surface water mass transformation
rates 332, 332, 333, 334
thermal expansion rates 28
thermohaline circulation 27, 73–75,
74, 75, 86, 88
WHP one-time survey 102
wind-driven circulation models 67, 68,
68
winter subpolar mixed layer fluxes 321
WOCE float programme 134–135,
135, 136, 137
North Atlantic Oscillation see NAO
North Atlantic Study see NAS
North Atlantic Subtropical Mode Water
see NASTMW
North Atlantic Tracer Release
Experiment see NATRE
North Brazil Current see NBC
North Brazil UnderCurrent see NBUC
North East Atlantic Deep Water
see NEADW
North Equatorial Countercurrent
see NECC
North Equatorial Current see NEC
North Indian Water 240
North Intermediate CounterCurrent
see NICC
North Pacific Central Mode Water
see NPCMW
North Pacific Deep Water, tracer studies
445, 446
North Pacific Eastern Subtropical Mode
Water see NPESTMW
North Pacific Equatorial Countercurrent
198
North Pacific Intermediate Water
see NPIW
North Pacific Ocean
atmospheric circulation during WOCE
561–562, 563
decadal SST variation, thermocline
response 365–367, 365, 366, 367,
368, 369, 369
heat transport 24
low salinity water transfer to North
Atlantic 23
mode waters 380–381
multiyear timescale atmospheric
variability 25
tracer measurements 209
wind-driven circulation models
67–68
wind-forced sea-level variability 152,
152
WOCE float programme 132
North Pacific Subtropical Mode Water
see NPSTMW
Northern overflows 401–417, 568–569
analytical models 412–414
Denmark Strait 401, 402, 403,
405–406, 410–411, 532, 569, 573
Iceland–Scotland overflow 402,
407–410, 408, 409
mixing processes 411–412, 412
moored array measurements 404–405,
404, 405, 407, 410, 411, 413
numerical models 414–416
paths 402–404, 404
sources 401–402, 403
transport means/variability 404–411,
405
data re-analyses 405–406, 406
statistics 407, 407
variability 416
WOCE studies 416–417
Northern seas
changes during WOCE 569–571, 581
exchanges 529
Northern Subsurface CounterCurrent
see NSCC
Norwegian Current 571
Norwegian Sea 198
changes during WOCE 569
thermohaline fluxes 306
Norwegian Sea Deep Water see NSDW
NOSAMS (National Oceanographic
Sciences Accelerator Mass
Spectrometry) 433
NPCMW (North Pacific Central Mode
Water) 380, 386
NPESTMW (North Pacific Eastern
Subtropical Mode Water) 380–381
seasonal variation 384
NPIW (North Pacific Intermediate Water)
18, 253, 381
large-scale freshening 576, 576,
577–580, 582
NPSTMW (North Pacific Subtropical
Mode Water) 373, 375, 380
decadal variation 386
monsoon-related interannual variation
384–385
seasonal variation 384
NSCC (Northern Subsurface
CounterCurrent) 222, 225
Pacific 245
NSDW (Norwegian Sea Deep Water) 571
Numerical models 547–556
adjustment to equilibrium 93
advection-diffusion models 247, 340
atmospheric forcing 553
box models 60
Bryan–Cox/MOM model 81
CLIMBER 94
Community Modelling Effort 61
coupled climate 79
coupled physical–biogeochemical
studies 554
DAMEE 555
diagnostic 79, 86
eddy-resolving 72–73, 363–364
FRAM (Fine Resolution Antarctic
Model) 210, 283, 288, 300
general circulation model 79, 80
see also GCMs
governing equations 549–550
high-resolution 48, 49
history 60–62
horizontal resolution 63
integration period 63, 64
inverse 147–148
isopycnic 90
MIT model 535, 536
MOM (Modular Ocean Model) 555
NCAR CSM 90, 91
non-linearity 82, 84, 206, 211, 548
OCCAM (Ocean Circulation and
Climate Advanced Modelling
Project) 210, 467
ocean–atmosphere coupling 553–554
OPA model 81
OPYC model 81
organization of development 554–556
POCM (Parallel Ocean Climate Model)
65, 535
Princeton Ocean Biogeography Model
517, 517, 518
prognostic 79, 86
quasi-geostrophic 282–283
sigma coordinate 80
space–time scales 548–549, 549, 554
spinup 87
streamtube models
sub-grid-scale parameterizations
550–551
vertical coordinate systems 552
Nutrient measurements
WHP data
accuracy 110–111
standards 107
WHP one-time survey 105
Observation systems 4–5, 8–9, 48, 56
atmospheric 5
sea-levels 8
ship-based scalar measurements 47, 48
time series data 49
see also Global observation systems
Ocean colour 195
Ocean, coupled ocean–atmosphere
models 81–82
Ocean energy cascade 337
Ocean Observing System Development
Panel see OOSDP
Ocean state estimation (data assimilation)
535, 535–542, 544–545, 597–598,
598
climate prediction 593, 595
error estimates 540–541
observation system design 542
ongoing work 538–540, 539
representation errors 541
techniques 537–538
Ocean tides 142, 143
INDEX
705
hydrographic data sets 533
low salinity water transfer from North
Pacific 23
meridional overturning 304
mode waters 377–380
multiyear timescale atmospheric
variability 25
ocean basin models development 61,
62
Rossby waves 153
surface water mass transformation
rates 332, 332, 333, 334
thermal expansion rates 28
thermohaline circulation 27, 73–75,
74, 75, 86, 88
WHP one-time survey 102
wind-driven circulation models 67, 68,
68
winter subpolar mixed layer fluxes 321
WOCE float programme 134–135,
135, 136, 137
North Atlantic Oscillation see NAO
North Atlantic Study see NAS
North Atlantic Subtropical Mode Water
see NASTMW
North Atlantic Tracer Release
Experiment see NATRE
North Brazil Current see NBC
North Brazil UnderCurrent see NBUC
North East Atlantic Deep Water
see NEADW
North Equatorial Countercurrent
see NECC
North Equatorial Current see NEC
North Indian Water 240
North Intermediate CounterCurrent
see NICC
North Pacific Central Mode Water
see NPCMW
North Pacific Deep Water, tracer studies
445, 446
North Pacific Eastern Subtropical Mode
Water see NPESTMW
North Pacific Equatorial Countercurrent
198
North Pacific Intermediate Water
see NPIW
North Pacific Ocean
atmospheric circulation during WOCE
561–562, 563
decadal SST variation, thermocline
response 365–367, 365, 366, 367,
368, 369, 369
heat transport 24
low salinity water transfer to North
Atlantic 23
mode waters 380–381
multiyear timescale atmospheric
variability 25
tracer measurements 209
wind-driven circulation models
67–68
wind-forced sea-level variability 152,
152
WOCE float programme 132
North Pacific Subtropical Mode Water
see NPSTMW
Northern overflows 401–417, 568–569
analytical models 412–414
Denmark Strait 401, 402, 403,
405–406, 410–411, 532, 569, 573
Iceland–Scotland overflow 402,
407–410, 408, 409
mixing processes 411–412, 412
moored array measurements 404–405,
404, 405, 407, 410, 411, 413
numerical models 414–416
paths 402–404, 404
sources 401–402, 403
transport means/variability 404–411,
405
data re-analyses 405–406, 406
statistics 407, 407
variability 416
WOCE studies 416–417
Northern seas
changes during WOCE 569–571, 581
exchanges 529
Northern Subsurface CounterCurrent
see NSCC
Norwegian Current 571
Norwegian Sea 198
changes during WOCE 569
thermohaline fluxes 306
Norwegian Sea Deep Water see NSDW
NOSAMS (National Oceanographic
Sciences Accelerator Mass
Spectrometry) 433
NPCMW (North Pacific Central Mode
Water) 380, 386
NPESTMW (North Pacific Eastern
Subtropical Mode Water) 380–381
seasonal variation 384
NPIW (North Pacific Intermediate Water)
18, 253, 381
large-scale freshening 576, 576,
577–580, 582
NPSTMW (North Pacific Subtropical
Mode Water) 373, 375, 380
decadal variation 386
monsoon-related interannual variation
384–385
seasonal variation 384
NSCC (Northern Subsurface
CounterCurrent) 222, 225
Pacific 245
NSDW (Norwegian Sea Deep Water) 571
Numerical models 547–556
adjustment to equilibrium 93
advection-diffusion models 247, 340
atmospheric forcing 553
box models 60
Bryan–Cox/MOM model 81
CLIMBER 94
Community Modelling Effort 61
coupled climate 79
coupled physical–biogeochemical
studies 554
DAMEE 555
diagnostic 79, 86
eddy-resolving 72–73, 363–364
FRAM (Fine Resolution Antarctic
Model) 210, 283, 288, 300
general circulation model 79, 80
see also GCMs
governing equations 549–550
high-resolution 48, 49
history 60–62
horizontal resolution 63
integration period 63, 64
inverse 147–148
isopycnic 90
MIT model 535, 536
MOM (Modular Ocean Model) 555
NCAR CSM 90, 91
non-linearity 82, 84, 206, 211, 548
OCCAM (Ocean Circulation and
Climate Advanced Modelling
Project) 210, 467
ocean–atmosphere coupling 553–554
OPA model 81
OPYC model 81
organization of development 554–556
POCM (Parallel Ocean Climate Model)
65, 535
Princeton Ocean Biogeography Model
517, 517, 518
prognostic 79, 86
quasi-geostrophic 282–283
sigma coordinate 80
space–time scales 548–549, 549, 554
spinup 87
streamtube models
sub-grid-scale parameterizations
550–551
vertical coordinate systems 552
Nutrient measurements
WHP data
accuracy 110–111
standards 107
WHP one-time survey 105
Observation systems 4–5, 8–9, 48, 56
atmospheric 5
sea-levels 8
ship-based scalar measurements 47, 48
time series data 49
see also Global observation systems
Ocean colour 195
Ocean, coupled ocean–atmosphere
models 81–82
Ocean energy cascade 337
Ocean Observing System Development
Panel see OOSDP
Ocean state estimation (data assimilation)
535, 535–542, 544–545, 597–598,
598
climate prediction 593, 595
error estimates 540–541
observation system design 542
ongoing work 538–540, 539
representation errors 541
techniques 537–538
Ocean tides 142, 143
INDEX
705