Mode waters (cont.)
temporal variability (cont.)
seasonal 384
WOCE observational phase 579–580,
581
Models 59–60
box inverse 527, 528
climate prediction 79, 86, 93–95, 593,
595
coupled see Coupled ocean–atmosphere
models
eddy-permitting 38, 61, 62, 72–73, 75,
80, 363–364, 551
equilibrium versus non-equilibrium
solutions 62–64
General Circulation see GCMs
grid size 62, 63, 70, 549
historical development 60–62
oceanic feedbacks incorporation
60–61
integration time 63–64, 73, 77
mesoscale ocean variability 61, 69–73
northern overflows 412–416
numerical see Numerical models
ocean heat transport 467–468
ocean state estimation 535–537
sea level variability 65
space–time scales 548–549, 549, 554
streamtube 358, 359, 413, 414, 447
sub-grid-scale parameterizations
550–551
subduction 361–365, 362, 363, 364
sudden climate change 27
surface boundary conditions 317
thermal expansion estimations 28
thermohaline circulation 22–23, 73–76,
77
wind-driven circulation 64–69, 77
WOCE activities 59, 77, 95, 189, 525,
535
z-coordinate 81, 90, 344
Moderate-Resolution Imaging
Spectroradiometer see MODIS
Modified Atlantic Water see MAW
MODIS (Moderate-Resolution Imaging
Spectroradiometer) 180
Molecular diffusion 338, 339
Momentum transfer 589
ACC (Antarctic Circumpolar Current)
280, 283–285
atmosphere–ocean interactions 173
coupled ocean–atmosphere models 82,
84
interior ocean circulation 209
numerical models 553
parameterization 173–174
sea ice effects 16
Monsoons variability 6
NPSTMW (North Pacific Sub Tropical
Mode Water) 384–385
Moored current meter arrays 49
ACC (Antarctic Circumpolar Current)
observations 277
DBE (Deep Basin Experiment) 267
deep circulation quantification 259,
260, 261, 261
Atlantic Ocean 263, 264, 265
Indian Ocean 265–266
Pacific Ocean 261, 262
deep convection studies 392
DWBCs quantification 259, 260, 261,
471
early studies 31, 32
interior circulation studies 208–209
Mediterranean Water outflow 423
northern overflow studies 404–405,
404, 405, 407, 410, 411, 413
transport interannual variability
measurements 532
velocity data sets 534
WOCE Data System 188
Mozambique Channel 306
MSU (microwave sounding unit) 327
Multiangle Imaging Spectroradiometer
see MISR
MultiMet 120
Multiple equilibria 86
NADW (North Atlantic Deep Water)
207, 227, 232, 262–264, 263,
265, 294, 461
Atlantic Ocean northern overflows 410
CFC tracer studies 435–438, 437
circulation 22
coupled ocean–atmosphere models 89
DBE (Deep Basin Experiment) 267,
268, 269
formation 304, 305, 310, 313, 314,
528, 529
global overturning circulation
296–297, 298, 301
heat transport 468
interannual variability 532
interocean exchange 305, 312, 313, 314
lower (lNADW) 227, 230, 231
Mediterranean water contribution 419
middle (mNADW) 227
mixing 212, 213
thermohaline circulation models 73,
74, 74, 75, 75
transport by ACC (Antarctic
Circumpolar Current) 305
upper (uNADW) 227, 230, 231
Namib Col Current 268
NAO (North Atlantic Oscillation) 6, 7,
25, 335, 531, 559–561, 560, 572,
573, 580, 581
anomalous amplitude during WOCE
559–560, 563, 567, 568, 580
coupled ocean–atmosphere models 79,
87, 92
Eighteen Degree Water variations
385–386
long-term reconstructed values
560–561
LSW (Labrador Sea Water)
interannual variability 532
spreading 391
tracer studies 437–438
North Atlantic gyre circulation
response 569, 581
NAS (North Atlantic Study) 431, 435
NASTMW (North Atlantic Subtropical
Mode Water; Eighteen Degree
Water) 373, 374, 377–379, 567,
568, 581
decadal variation 385
interannual variation 385
seasonal variation 384
National Geophysical Data Center
see NGDC
National Oceanographic Sciences
Accelerator Mass Spectrometry
see NOSAMS
NATRE (North Atlantic Tracer Release
Experiment) 345, 346, 347, 348
NBC (North Brazil Current) 227, 229,
230, 304
NBUC (North Brazil UnderCurrent) 228,
229
NEADW (North East Atlantic Deep
Water) 390
Near-bottom mixing 350–351
Near-surface circulation 12
NEC (North Equatorial Current) 250
annual variation 159
NECC (North Equatorial
Countercurrent) 216, 219, 227,
245, 254
annual variation 159
tropical Indian Ocean 243
tropical–subtropical water exchanges
249, 250, 252
Neptune Effect 344
Neutrally buoyant floats see Floats,
subsurface
New Guinea Coastal Current 217
New Guinea Coastal Undercurrent 135,
225, 250, 252, 253
New Ireland Coastal Undercurrent 250,
252
NGDC (National Geophysical Data
Center) 188
NICC (North Intermediate
CounterCurrent) 222, 223
NIMBUS 177
Nitrate 110
Nordic Sea overflows see Northern
overflows
North Atlantic Current 527, 529, 569,
581
eddy transport modelling 82
Mediterranean Water 427
WOCE float programme 134, 136
North Atlantic Deep Water see NADW
North Atlantic Ocean
boundary currents 19, 20, 21
CFC distribution 90
circulation mapping from floats 527
CO 2 storage estimates 492
deep western boundary current
206–207
diapycnal volume fluxes 318–319
gyre circulation spin-up 567–569, 568,
581
INDEX
704
temporal variability (cont.)
seasonal 384
WOCE observational phase 579–580,
581
Models 59–60
box inverse 527, 528
climate prediction 79, 86, 93–95, 593,
595
coupled see Coupled ocean–atmosphere
models
eddy-permitting 38, 61, 62, 72–73, 75,
80, 363–364, 551
equilibrium versus non-equilibrium
solutions 62–64
General Circulation see GCMs
grid size 62, 63, 70, 549
historical development 60–62
oceanic feedbacks incorporation
60–61
integration time 63–64, 73, 77
mesoscale ocean variability 61, 69–73
northern overflows 412–416
numerical see Numerical models
ocean heat transport 467–468
ocean state estimation 535–537
sea level variability 65
space–time scales 548–549, 549, 554
streamtube 358, 359, 413, 414, 447
sub-grid-scale parameterizations
550–551
subduction 361–365, 362, 363, 364
sudden climate change 27
surface boundary conditions 317
thermal expansion estimations 28
thermohaline circulation 22–23, 73–76,
77
wind-driven circulation 64–69, 77
WOCE activities 59, 77, 95, 189, 525,
535
z-coordinate 81, 90, 344
Moderate-Resolution Imaging
Spectroradiometer see MODIS
Modified Atlantic Water see MAW
MODIS (Moderate-Resolution Imaging
Spectroradiometer) 180
Molecular diffusion 338, 339
Momentum transfer 589
ACC (Antarctic Circumpolar Current)
280, 283–285
atmosphere–ocean interactions 173
coupled ocean–atmosphere models 82,
84
interior ocean circulation 209
numerical models 553
parameterization 173–174
sea ice effects 16
Monsoons variability 6
NPSTMW (North Pacific Sub Tropical
Mode Water) 384–385
Moored current meter arrays 49
ACC (Antarctic Circumpolar Current)
observations 277
DBE (Deep Basin Experiment) 267
deep circulation quantification 259,
260, 261, 261
Atlantic Ocean 263, 264, 265
Indian Ocean 265–266
Pacific Ocean 261, 262
deep convection studies 392
DWBCs quantification 259, 260, 261,
471
early studies 31, 32
interior circulation studies 208–209
Mediterranean Water outflow 423
northern overflow studies 404–405,
404, 405, 407, 410, 411, 413
transport interannual variability
measurements 532
velocity data sets 534
WOCE Data System 188
Mozambique Channel 306
MSU (microwave sounding unit) 327
Multiangle Imaging Spectroradiometer
see MISR
MultiMet 120
Multiple equilibria 86
NADW (North Atlantic Deep Water)
207, 227, 232, 262–264, 263,
265, 294, 461
Atlantic Ocean northern overflows 410
CFC tracer studies 435–438, 437
circulation 22
coupled ocean–atmosphere models 89
DBE (Deep Basin Experiment) 267,
268, 269
formation 304, 305, 310, 313, 314,
528, 529
global overturning circulation
296–297, 298, 301
heat transport 468
interannual variability 532
interocean exchange 305, 312, 313, 314
lower (lNADW) 227, 230, 231
Mediterranean water contribution 419
middle (mNADW) 227
mixing 212, 213
thermohaline circulation models 73,
74, 74, 75, 75
transport by ACC (Antarctic
Circumpolar Current) 305
upper (uNADW) 227, 230, 231
Namib Col Current 268
NAO (North Atlantic Oscillation) 6, 7,
25, 335, 531, 559–561, 560, 572,
573, 580, 581
anomalous amplitude during WOCE
559–560, 563, 567, 568, 580
coupled ocean–atmosphere models 79,
87, 92
Eighteen Degree Water variations
385–386
long-term reconstructed values
560–561
LSW (Labrador Sea Water)
interannual variability 532
spreading 391
tracer studies 437–438
North Atlantic gyre circulation
response 569, 581
NAS (North Atlantic Study) 431, 435
NASTMW (North Atlantic Subtropical
Mode Water; Eighteen Degree
Water) 373, 374, 377–379, 567,
568, 581
decadal variation 385
interannual variation 385
seasonal variation 384
National Geophysical Data Center
see NGDC
National Oceanographic Sciences
Accelerator Mass Spectrometry
see NOSAMS
NATRE (North Atlantic Tracer Release
Experiment) 345, 346, 347, 348
NBC (North Brazil Current) 227, 229,
230, 304
NBUC (North Brazil UnderCurrent) 228,
229
NEADW (North East Atlantic Deep
Water) 390
Near-bottom mixing 350–351
Near-surface circulation 12
NEC (North Equatorial Current) 250
annual variation 159
NECC (North Equatorial
Countercurrent) 216, 219, 227,
245, 254
annual variation 159
tropical Indian Ocean 243
tropical–subtropical water exchanges
249, 250, 252
Neptune Effect 344
Neutrally buoyant floats see Floats,
subsurface
New Guinea Coastal Current 217
New Guinea Coastal Undercurrent 135,
225, 250, 252, 253
New Ireland Coastal Undercurrent 250,
252
NGDC (National Geophysical Data
Center) 188
NICC (North Intermediate
CounterCurrent) 222, 223
NIMBUS 177
Nitrate 110
Nordic Sea overflows see Northern
overflows
North Atlantic Current 527, 529, 569,
581
eddy transport modelling 82
Mediterranean Water 427
WOCE float programme 134, 136
North Atlantic Deep Water see NADW
North Atlantic Ocean
boundary currents 19, 20, 21
CFC distribution 90
circulation mapping from floats 527
CO 2 storage estimates 492
deep western boundary current
206–207
diapycnal volume fluxes 318–319
gyre circulation spin-up 567–569, 568,
581
INDEX
704