Latent heat flux 15, 173
parameterization 173–174
satellite data 177–178
Lateral induction 360–361, 374
Law of the Sea 39
LCDW (Lower Circumpolar Deep Water)
294
global overturning circulation 298, 299
LCPW (Lower Central Pacific Water) 223
Leeuwin Current 19, 21, 30
LEIC (Lower Equatorial Intermediate
Current) 222
LIW (Levantine Intermediate Water) 422,
425
Loihi Seamount 443, 444
Lombok Strait 307
Long-term observations 25–26
climate variability prediction 4, 5, 50
methods 56–58
ocean behaviour prediction 56
stochastic variability 54–55, 55, 56, 57
Long-wave radiation, satellite data
178–179
Lower Central Pacific Water see LCPW
Lower Circumpolar Deep Water see
LCDW
Lower Equatorial Intermediate Current
see LEIC
Lowered Acoustic Doppler Current
Profilers see LADCPs
LSW (Labrador Sea Water) 376,
379–380, 386, 390, 391, 407,
527, 566, 567, 568
CFC tracer studies 436, 437–438
formation 529, 580
interannual variability 532, 568
WOCE float programme 134, 137
Macdonald Seamount 443
Madden–Julian Oscillations 215,
221–222, 242
Madeira Mode Water see MMW
Makassar Strait 307, 309, 310, 450, 531,
532
Marginal seas 419
Maritime climate 6, 11
MARVOR see Floats
Mass transport 463, 471, 472, 480
MAW (Modified Atlantic Water) 422
Mean mass flux estimations 48
Mean seasonal cycle 221–222
Meanders 19
in the Eastern Atlantic 167
in the Gulf Stream 378
Measurement methods 590–592
Measurement standards 103
data quality assurance 107–108
definition/development 106–111
expert protocols development 107
metadata requirements 106
Meddies 125, 427, 428, 528
float studies 136
generation 427
salt transport 427
speed 427
Mediterranean Ocean Convection
experiment see MEDOC
experiment
Mediterranean outflow 22, 210, 414,
419, 420, 421, 422–427, 423
box inverse models 528
effect on North Atlantic circulation
427–429
global thermohaline circulation
contribution 429
interannual variability 425, 427
meddies 427, 428
near-bottom mixing 351
North Atlantic salt tongue modelling
426
Strait of Gibraltar 422–427, 423, 424
seasonal cycle 424–425
transport estimates 426–427, 426
Mediterranean Sea 420, 421
deep convection 21, 387, 399
freshwater budget modelling 83
high-salinity outflow waters 29
SSS (sea surface salinity) 323
thermohaline circulation 421
Mediterranean Water 419–429
formation 421–422
interannual variation 425
salinity 421, 422, 425
MEDOC (Mediterranean Ocean
Convection) experiment 422
Meltwater runoff 6, 7
Meridional overturning circulation 6, 88,
460–461, 464, 468–469
ACC (Antarctic Circumpolar Current)
dynamics 282–285, 283, 284, 285,
339
Atlantic Ocean 304, 312
cold water pathway/cold route 305,
470
ocean models 75, 81, 86
Southern Ocean 272, 273, 298,
303–304, 339
warm water pathway/warm route 305,
470–471
Meridional transport 206
equatorial Atlantic Ocean 232–233
Indian Ocean 237
Mesoscale eddies 49, 206, 267, 270,
337–338
altimetry 169–170, 170
bottom-generated internal waves 352
mixing 340, 341
ocean models 82
parameterization 340
TRM approach 340–345
Mesoscale ocean variability
altimetry 162
high-resolution models 61, 69–73
Meteor expedition 41, 100, 206, 260,
357, 505, 566
Meteorological data
Global Drifter Programme 195
shipboard collection 120–121
wind-driven circulation models 65
Meteorology Operational Platform
see METOP
Methane 80
METOP (Meteorology Operational
Platform) 180
Microwave sounding unit see MSU
Microwave/Imager 174, 177, 179
Mid-Atlantic Ridge 211, 267, 269, 437
Mid-Ocean Dynamics Experiment see
MODE
Milankovitch cycles 6, 14, 26
Mindanao Current 217, 250, 252, 253,
254, 450
MISR (Multiangle Imaging
Spectroradiometer) 180
Mixed layer 373–374
deep convection 387, 389, 389
depth 17, 83
diurnal mixed layer 17
mixing processes 320–321, 321
winter thickness, mode waters
formation 376
Mixing 339–340, 529
abyssal oceans 339–340, 352–354
convection 387, 388
plumes 391–393, 392, 398
diapycnal 81, 211–212, 339–340
horizontal 81–82
layer thickness 82
mesoscale eddies 340, 341
mesoscale/microscale lateral dispersion
345–346
near-bottom 350–351
northern overflows 411–412, 412
numerical models 551
ocean currents 349–351
Pacific Ocean tracer studies 435
parameterization 81
thermohaline circulation energy budget
338–339
thermohaline intrusions 346
vertical advective–diffusive balance 340
see also Convection; Diffusive flux
MMW (Madeira Mode Water) 376, 379
seasonal variation 384
MODE (Mid-Ocean Dynamics
Experiment) 32, 38, 48, 49, 61, 125
Mode waters 17, 373–386
characteristics 374–376, 375
stability 384
core layers 375–376
definition 374
geographical distribution 376–384, 378
identification 374–375, 375
intermediate waters association 376
North Atlantic Ocean 377–380
North Pacific Ocean 380–381
Southern Ocean 382–384
subtropical Indian Ocean 382
subtropical South Atlantic Ocean
381–382
subtropical South Pacific Ocean 382
temporal variability 384–386
abrupt shifts 385–386
decadal 385–386
interannual 384–385
INDEX
703
parameterization 173–174
satellite data 177–178
Lateral induction 360–361, 374
Law of the Sea 39
LCDW (Lower Circumpolar Deep Water)
294
global overturning circulation 298, 299
LCPW (Lower Central Pacific Water) 223
Leeuwin Current 19, 21, 30
LEIC (Lower Equatorial Intermediate
Current) 222
LIW (Levantine Intermediate Water) 422,
425
Loihi Seamount 443, 444
Lombok Strait 307
Long-term observations 25–26
climate variability prediction 4, 5, 50
methods 56–58
ocean behaviour prediction 56
stochastic variability 54–55, 55, 56, 57
Long-wave radiation, satellite data
178–179
Lower Central Pacific Water see LCPW
Lower Circumpolar Deep Water see
LCDW
Lower Equatorial Intermediate Current
see LEIC
Lowered Acoustic Doppler Current
Profilers see LADCPs
LSW (Labrador Sea Water) 376,
379–380, 386, 390, 391, 407,
527, 566, 567, 568
CFC tracer studies 436, 437–438
formation 529, 580
interannual variability 532, 568
WOCE float programme 134, 137
Macdonald Seamount 443
Madden–Julian Oscillations 215,
221–222, 242
Madeira Mode Water see MMW
Makassar Strait 307, 309, 310, 450, 531,
532
Marginal seas 419
Maritime climate 6, 11
MARVOR see Floats
Mass transport 463, 471, 472, 480
MAW (Modified Atlantic Water) 422
Mean mass flux estimations 48
Mean seasonal cycle 221–222
Meanders 19
in the Eastern Atlantic 167
in the Gulf Stream 378
Measurement methods 590–592
Measurement standards 103
data quality assurance 107–108
definition/development 106–111
expert protocols development 107
metadata requirements 106
Meddies 125, 427, 428, 528
float studies 136
generation 427
salt transport 427
speed 427
Mediterranean Ocean Convection
experiment see MEDOC
experiment
Mediterranean outflow 22, 210, 414,
419, 420, 421, 422–427, 423
box inverse models 528
effect on North Atlantic circulation
427–429
global thermohaline circulation
contribution 429
interannual variability 425, 427
meddies 427, 428
near-bottom mixing 351
North Atlantic salt tongue modelling
426
Strait of Gibraltar 422–427, 423, 424
seasonal cycle 424–425
transport estimates 426–427, 426
Mediterranean Sea 420, 421
deep convection 21, 387, 399
freshwater budget modelling 83
high-salinity outflow waters 29
SSS (sea surface salinity) 323
thermohaline circulation 421
Mediterranean Water 419–429
formation 421–422
interannual variation 425
salinity 421, 422, 425
MEDOC (Mediterranean Ocean
Convection) experiment 422
Meltwater runoff 6, 7
Meridional overturning circulation 6, 88,
460–461, 464, 468–469
ACC (Antarctic Circumpolar Current)
dynamics 282–285, 283, 284, 285,
339
Atlantic Ocean 304, 312
cold water pathway/cold route 305,
470
ocean models 75, 81, 86
Southern Ocean 272, 273, 298,
303–304, 339
warm water pathway/warm route 305,
470–471
Meridional transport 206
equatorial Atlantic Ocean 232–233
Indian Ocean 237
Mesoscale eddies 49, 206, 267, 270,
337–338
altimetry 169–170, 170
bottom-generated internal waves 352
mixing 340, 341
ocean models 82
parameterization 340
TRM approach 340–345
Mesoscale ocean variability
altimetry 162
high-resolution models 61, 69–73
Meteor expedition 41, 100, 206, 260,
357, 505, 566
Meteorological data
Global Drifter Programme 195
shipboard collection 120–121
wind-driven circulation models 65
Meteorology Operational Platform
see METOP
Methane 80
METOP (Meteorology Operational
Platform) 180
Microwave sounding unit see MSU
Microwave/Imager 174, 177, 179
Mid-Atlantic Ridge 211, 267, 269, 437
Mid-Ocean Dynamics Experiment see
MODE
Milankovitch cycles 6, 14, 26
Mindanao Current 217, 250, 252, 253,
254, 450
MISR (Multiangle Imaging
Spectroradiometer) 180
Mixed layer 373–374
deep convection 387, 389, 389
depth 17, 83
diurnal mixed layer 17
mixing processes 320–321, 321
winter thickness, mode waters
formation 376
Mixing 339–340, 529
abyssal oceans 339–340, 352–354
convection 387, 388
plumes 391–393, 392, 398
diapycnal 81, 211–212, 339–340
horizontal 81–82
layer thickness 82
mesoscale eddies 340, 341
mesoscale/microscale lateral dispersion
345–346
near-bottom 350–351
northern overflows 411–412, 412
numerical models 551
ocean currents 349–351
Pacific Ocean tracer studies 435
parameterization 81
thermohaline circulation energy budget
338–339
thermohaline intrusions 346
vertical advective–diffusive balance 340
see also Convection; Diffusive flux
MMW (Madeira Mode Water) 376, 379
seasonal variation 384
MODE (Mid-Ocean Dynamics
Experiment) 32, 38, 48, 49, 61, 125
Mode waters 17, 373–386
characteristics 374–376, 375
stability 384
core layers 375–376
definition 374
geographical distribution 376–384, 378
identification 374–375, 375
intermediate waters association 376
North Atlantic Ocean 377–380
North Pacific Ocean 380–381
Southern Ocean 382–384
subtropical Indian Ocean 382
subtropical South Atlantic Ocean
381–382
subtropical South Pacific Ocean 382
temporal variability 384–386
abrupt shifts 385–386
decadal 385–386
interannual 384–385
INDEX
703