Intergovernmental Oceanographic
Commission see IOC
Interior circulation 205–214
classical hydrology 206–207, 207
Deep Basin Experiment 266–269, 268
potential vorticity 209–210
response to change in forcing 205–206
Sverdrup’s relation 209
theoretical aspects 209–210
topographic effects 210
tracer measurements 209
WOCE studies 208–209
Interior ocean
diapycnal mixing 346, 346–349
internal wave field 338
mixing/stirring 337–355
Interleaving 346
Intermediate water masses 563
decadal time scale changes 25–26
temperature variability in Atlantic
565–567
formation 21
coupled ocean–atmosphere models
90–91
Indian Ocean large-scale changes 576,
576–580
Pacific Ocean 252–253, 253, 254, 255
dynamics 254, 255
large-scale changes 576, 576–580
tropical–subpolar exchange 252–254
Internal tides 211, 212
Internal wave field 206, 211
interior ocean 338
mixing 347–348, 349, 350
Internal wave shear
abyssal mixing 352
Brazil Basin 352
tracers dispersion 345
International collaboration 32, 33, 34,
43, 101, 101–102, 588
data management 181
float programme 129, 131, 134
International Council for Science
see ICSU
International Geophysical Year see IGY
International Geosphere–Biosphere
Programme see IGBP
International Satellite Cloud Climatology
Project see ISCCP
International Southern Ocean Studies
see ISOS
Interocean exchange 303–314
ACC (Antarctic Circumpolar Current)
271, 301, 303–304, 305, 313, 314
Agulhas Retroflection 305, 310–313
Bering Strait 305, 306–307, 313, 314
ENSO-related changes 306, 308–310,
313
freshwater flux 484–485
global thermohaline circulation
304–305
Indian Ocean 304
Indonesian Seas 305, 307–310, 313
interocean links 305
northern oceans 304
south of Australia 305–306
subduction process 368
tracer studies 432, 449–450, 451
see also Indonesian Throughflow
Intertropical Convergence Zones 252
SSS (sea surface salinity) 324
Inverted Echo Sounders see IESs
IOC (Intergovernmental Oceanographic
Commission) 3, 33, 39, 194
WMO Joint Commission for
Oceanography and Marine
Meteorology (JCOMM) 9
Irminger Basin 402, 412, 528
WOCE float programme 134, 137
Irminger Sea 389, 390, 391
Irminger Water see IW
Iron-enrichment experiments 16
ISCCP (International Satellite Cloud
Climatology Project) 178
Island Rule 209
ISOS (International Southern Ocean
Studies) 48, 274, 275, 276, 277,
278
Isthmus of Panama 304
ISW (Ice Shelf Water) tracer studies
448–449
IW (Irminger Water) 390
Izu-Ogasawara Ridge 132
Jason-1 171
JCOMM (Joint Technical Commission
for Oceanography) 600–601, 601
WMO Joint Commission for
Oceanography and Marine
Meteorology 9
JEBAR (Joint Effect of Baroclinicity and
Relief) 223
JGM (Joint Gravity Models) 144
JGM-3 144–145, 145, 147
JGOFS (Joint Global Ocean Flux Study)
8, 16, 39, 101, 102
CO 2 global survey 489–520
Handbook of Methods 499
planning 496
Joint Effect of Baroclinicity and Relief
see JEBAR
Joint Global Ocean Flux Study see
JGOFS
Joint Gravity Models see JGM
Joint Technical Commission for
Oceanography see JCOMM
Juan de Fuca Ridge 442, 443
KAPEX (Cape of Good Hope
Experiment) 136
Kelvin waves 205
tropical Indian Ocean 236
interannual sea level variation 243
tropics 155, 156
Kelvin–Helmholz instability 216, 246,
351, 411
Kermadec Arc 443
Kinetic energy 81, 82, 163–164, 165, 170
Kuroshio Current 19, 20, 67–68, 69, 197,
198, 376
direct heat transport estimates 460
direct velocity observations 128
eddy transport modelling 82
SSD (sea surface density) gradients 326
SSS (sea surface salinity) gradients
324–325
SST (sea surface temperature) gradients
322
transport 558
altimetric estimation 165, 166, 167
interannual variability 532
interdecadal variability 573–575,
574, 575, 576, 582
surveys 471, 471–472
Kuroshio Extension
eddy energy variation 170
eddy–mean flow interactions 167–168
heat balance from altimetric data 151
mode waters formation 380
Kyoto protocol 491
La Niña 159, 160
Indonesian Throughflow transport
rates 308–309, 310, 531
Laboratory models 391
Labrador Current 23, 390
WOCE float programme 134
Labrador Sea 6, 17, 102, 387, 567, 568,
569
circulation mapping from floats 527
deep convection 21, 387, 389, 389,
391, 398, 399, 529
convective layer 387, 387
NADW formation 262, 264
Profiling ALACE data 134–135, 135
restratification 397, 398, 398
thermohaline fluxes 306
velocity data sets 534
WOCE float programme 134
Labrador Sea Water see LSW
LADCPs (Lowered Acoustic Doppler
Current Profilers) 100, 112,
115–117, 121
ACC (Antarctic Circumpolar Current)
277
ambiguity errors 116–117
applications of observations 117–120
bottom-reflected sound interference
115, 116
data accuracy 117, 118
magnetic compass errors 116
relative velocity profile accuracy 115,
116
Lagrangian measurements
DBE (Deep Basin Experiment) 267–268
float programme 123–139
ocean variability studies 530
WOCE data set 527
Land surfaces, coupled ocean–atmosphere
models 81
INDEX
702
Commission see IOC
Interior circulation 205–214
classical hydrology 206–207, 207
Deep Basin Experiment 266–269, 268
potential vorticity 209–210
response to change in forcing 205–206
Sverdrup’s relation 209
theoretical aspects 209–210
topographic effects 210
tracer measurements 209
WOCE studies 208–209
Interior ocean
diapycnal mixing 346, 346–349
internal wave field 338
mixing/stirring 337–355
Interleaving 346
Intermediate water masses 563
decadal time scale changes 25–26
temperature variability in Atlantic
565–567
formation 21
coupled ocean–atmosphere models
90–91
Indian Ocean large-scale changes 576,
576–580
Pacific Ocean 252–253, 253, 254, 255
dynamics 254, 255
large-scale changes 576, 576–580
tropical–subpolar exchange 252–254
Internal tides 211, 212
Internal wave field 206, 211
interior ocean 338
mixing 347–348, 349, 350
Internal wave shear
abyssal mixing 352
Brazil Basin 352
tracers dispersion 345
International collaboration 32, 33, 34,
43, 101, 101–102, 588
data management 181
float programme 129, 131, 134
International Council for Science
see ICSU
International Geophysical Year see IGY
International Geosphere–Biosphere
Programme see IGBP
International Satellite Cloud Climatology
Project see ISCCP
International Southern Ocean Studies
see ISOS
Interocean exchange 303–314
ACC (Antarctic Circumpolar Current)
271, 301, 303–304, 305, 313, 314
Agulhas Retroflection 305, 310–313
Bering Strait 305, 306–307, 313, 314
ENSO-related changes 306, 308–310,
313
freshwater flux 484–485
global thermohaline circulation
304–305
Indian Ocean 304
Indonesian Seas 305, 307–310, 313
interocean links 305
northern oceans 304
south of Australia 305–306
subduction process 368
tracer studies 432, 449–450, 451
see also Indonesian Throughflow
Intertropical Convergence Zones 252
SSS (sea surface salinity) 324
Inverted Echo Sounders see IESs
IOC (Intergovernmental Oceanographic
Commission) 3, 33, 39, 194
WMO Joint Commission for
Oceanography and Marine
Meteorology (JCOMM) 9
Irminger Basin 402, 412, 528
WOCE float programme 134, 137
Irminger Sea 389, 390, 391
Irminger Water see IW
Iron-enrichment experiments 16
ISCCP (International Satellite Cloud
Climatology Project) 178
Island Rule 209
ISOS (International Southern Ocean
Studies) 48, 274, 275, 276, 277,
278
Isthmus of Panama 304
ISW (Ice Shelf Water) tracer studies
448–449
IW (Irminger Water) 390
Izu-Ogasawara Ridge 132
Jason-1 171
JCOMM (Joint Technical Commission
for Oceanography) 600–601, 601
WMO Joint Commission for
Oceanography and Marine
Meteorology 9
JEBAR (Joint Effect of Baroclinicity and
Relief) 223
JGM (Joint Gravity Models) 144
JGM-3 144–145, 145, 147
JGOFS (Joint Global Ocean Flux Study)
8, 16, 39, 101, 102
CO 2 global survey 489–520
Handbook of Methods 499
planning 496
Joint Effect of Baroclinicity and Relief
see JEBAR
Joint Global Ocean Flux Study see
JGOFS
Joint Gravity Models see JGM
Joint Technical Commission for
Oceanography see JCOMM
Juan de Fuca Ridge 442, 443
KAPEX (Cape of Good Hope
Experiment) 136
Kelvin waves 205
tropical Indian Ocean 236
interannual sea level variation 243
tropics 155, 156
Kelvin–Helmholz instability 216, 246,
351, 411
Kermadec Arc 443
Kinetic energy 81, 82, 163–164, 165, 170
Kuroshio Current 19, 20, 67–68, 69, 197,
198, 376
direct heat transport estimates 460
direct velocity observations 128
eddy transport modelling 82
SSD (sea surface density) gradients 326
SSS (sea surface salinity) gradients
324–325
SST (sea surface temperature) gradients
322
transport 558
altimetric estimation 165, 166, 167
interannual variability 532
interdecadal variability 573–575,
574, 575, 576, 582
surveys 471, 471–472
Kuroshio Extension
eddy energy variation 170
eddy–mean flow interactions 167–168
heat balance from altimetric data 151
mode waters formation 380
Kyoto protocol 491
La Niña 159, 160
Indonesian Throughflow transport
rates 308–309, 310, 531
Laboratory models 391
Labrador Current 23, 390
WOCE float programme 134
Labrador Sea 6, 17, 102, 387, 567, 568,
569
circulation mapping from floats 527
deep convection 21, 387, 389, 389,
391, 398, 399, 529
convective layer 387, 387
NADW formation 262, 264
Profiling ALACE data 134–135, 135
restratification 397, 398, 398
thermohaline fluxes 306
velocity data sets 534
WOCE float programme 134
Labrador Sea Water see LSW
LADCPs (Lowered Acoustic Doppler
Current Profilers) 100, 112,
115–117, 121
ACC (Antarctic Circumpolar Current)
277
ambiguity errors 116–117
applications of observations 117–120
bottom-reflected sound interference
115, 116
data accuracy 117, 118
magnetic compass errors 116
relative velocity profile accuracy 115,
116
Lagrangian measurements
DBE (Deep Basin Experiment) 267–268
float programme 123–139
ocean variability studies 530
WOCE data set 527
Land surfaces, coupled ocean–atmosphere
models 81
INDEX
702