tropical Indian Ocean 233
tropics 215, 245
WHP data collection 104–105
WOCE data-based analyses 529
WOCE goals 37
Heinrich events 26–27
Helios 442
Helium (
3 He) tracer studies 432
glacial meltwater addition around
Antarctica 448, 448–449, 449
mantle helium 440, 442, 443
Pacific Ocean
deep helium field mapping 442–443,
442
mid-depth circulation 440–444, 442
thermocline ventilation 433–435,
434
seamount hydrothermal sources 443
HEMs (seafloor electrometers) 277, 278
HOPE model 81
Horizontal pressure field 205
Horizontal pressure gradient 209
Humidity, shipboard meteorological data
collection 120
Hunter Channel 267
Hurricanes 175
Hydrographic climatologies 533
Hydrographic measurements 99–102
data management 40
see also WHP (WOCE Hydrographic
Programme)
Hydrographic sections 41, 49, 50,
99–102, 215, 526
AAIW (Antarctic Intermediate Water)
293
ACC (Antarctic Circumpolar Current)
274, 275, 276–277, 276, 278
Benguela Current transport 311
freshwater flux direct estimates 479
heat flux/transport 470
Atlantic Ocean 460
direct estimates 460, 462, 463,
464–466
global analysis 464–466
Indian Ocean 464
ocean model comparisons 87–88
Pacific Ocean 219, 462, 463
Kuroshio Current transport time series
574, 574, 575, 575
large-scale intermediate water mass
changes in Pacific/Indian Oceans
577–578, 577, 578, 579
models evaluation 64
SAMW (Subantarctic Mode Water)
293
tropical Indian Ocean 237, 242
WOCE planning 37
Ice ages 26, 27
Ice sheets
Antarctica
3
He tracer studies 448,
448–449, 449
freshwater input 6
palaeorecords 26
volume-associated sea-level change 27
Ice Shelf Water 295
tracer studies see ISW tracer studies
Ice–ocean interactions 7
see also Sea ice
Icebergs 82, 83
calving 82
Iceland Basin 402, 403
WOCE float programme 137
Iceland Sea
changes during WOCE 569
thermohaline fluxes 306
Iceland–Scotland overflow 22, 94, 94,
137, 401, 402, 403, 403, 411, 569
transport means/variability 407–410,
408, 409
Iceland–Scotland Ridge 401, 402, 529
NADW formation 262
ICSU (International Council for Science)
3, 32, 39
IESs (Inverted Echo Sounders) 277, 278
IFREMER 188
IGBP (International Geosphere–Biosphere
Programme) 189
IGOS (Integrated Global Observing
Strategy) 5
IGY (International Geophysical Year) 25,
32, 39, 100, 260, 566, 588
float observations 125
IMET (Improved Meteorological
Measurements) 120, 121
Improved Meteorological Measurements
see IMET
Incompressibility 318
Indian Ocean
AABW (Antarctic Bottom Water) entry
260–261
ACC (Antarctic Circumpolar Current)
freshwater transport 304
box inverse models 528
deep circulation quantification 265–266
deep cross-equatorial flows 243–245
DWBCs (Deep Western Boundary
Currents) 261
Ekman velocity estimation 119–120
equatorial deep jets 244–245
excess CO 2 concentration
distribution 509, 509–510
float programme 131, 132
freshwater flux 304, 330, 335, 484,
485, 486
heat flux/transport 470, 471
direct estimates 464
hydrographic sections 100
intermediate waters long-term changes
26
interocean exchange 304, 305, 310, 311
tracer studies 449–450
meridional overturning circulation 339
near-equatorial circulation 233–245,
234, 246
cross-equatorial currents 237–239,
238
equatorial flow relation to
higher-latitude flow 242–243
equatorial zonal flows 233, 235,
236–237
surface heat budget 239
western boundary current flows
239–242
potential vorticity field 529
SSS (sea surface salinity) 324
SST (sea surface temperature) variation
25, 322, 322, 323, 323
subtropical mode waters 382
thermal expansion rates 28
tropical–extratropical exchanges
255–256
tropical/subtropical dipoles 236, 246,
530, 531
water mass large-scale changes 576,
576–580, 578, 579
WHP one-time survey 102, 105, 110
Indian Ocean Dipole 236, 246, 530, 531
INDIGO expeditions 444
Indonesian Seas 54
interocean exchange 305, 307–310, 313
freshwater flux 484
tracer studies 449–450, 451
Indonesian Throughflow 18, 22, 209,
216, 219, 220, 222, 243, 246,
252, 255, 305, 527, 528, 529
altimetric transport estimation 166
freshwater flux 484, 485
heat transport estimates 463, 464
interocean transport 307–308
ENSO-associated changes 308–309
interannual variability 531–532
thermohaline fluxes 309–310
transport profile 309
In-situ unmanned instruments 58
Insolation see Radiation
Instability 29
baroclinic 288–290
barotropic 287–288
Integrated Global Observing Strategy
see IGOS
Interannual variability 4, 6, 530, 531
Agulhas Current eddies 170
coupled ocean–atmosphere models
91–92
Denmark Strait northern overflows 532
equatorial Atlantic Ocean 226
heat flux/transport 530
Indonesian Throughflow transport
531–532
Kuroshio Current transport 532
LSW (Labrador Sea Water) 532, 568
measurement methods 532
Mediterranean outflow 425, 427
Mediterranean Water 425
mode waters 384–385
NADW (North Atlantic Deep Water)
532
Pacific Ocean 531
repeat hydrographic data 532, 557
sea-level 159–160
tropical Indian Ocean 243
Southern Ocean 92
surface water mass transformation 335
Interglacial periods 26, 27
INDEX
701
tropics 215, 245
WHP data collection 104–105
WOCE data-based analyses 529
WOCE goals 37
Heinrich events 26–27
Helios 442
Helium (
3 He) tracer studies 432
glacial meltwater addition around
Antarctica 448, 448–449, 449
mantle helium 440, 442, 443
Pacific Ocean
deep helium field mapping 442–443,
442
mid-depth circulation 440–444, 442
thermocline ventilation 433–435,
434
seamount hydrothermal sources 443
HEMs (seafloor electrometers) 277, 278
HOPE model 81
Horizontal pressure field 205
Horizontal pressure gradient 209
Humidity, shipboard meteorological data
collection 120
Hunter Channel 267
Hurricanes 175
Hydrographic climatologies 533
Hydrographic measurements 99–102
data management 40
see also WHP (WOCE Hydrographic
Programme)
Hydrographic sections 41, 49, 50,
99–102, 215, 526
AAIW (Antarctic Intermediate Water)
293
ACC (Antarctic Circumpolar Current)
274, 275, 276–277, 276, 278
Benguela Current transport 311
freshwater flux direct estimates 479
heat flux/transport 470
Atlantic Ocean 460
direct estimates 460, 462, 463,
464–466
global analysis 464–466
Indian Ocean 464
ocean model comparisons 87–88
Pacific Ocean 219, 462, 463
Kuroshio Current transport time series
574, 574, 575, 575
large-scale intermediate water mass
changes in Pacific/Indian Oceans
577–578, 577, 578, 579
models evaluation 64
SAMW (Subantarctic Mode Water)
293
tropical Indian Ocean 237, 242
WOCE planning 37
Ice ages 26, 27
Ice sheets
Antarctica
3
He tracer studies 448,
448–449, 449
freshwater input 6
palaeorecords 26
volume-associated sea-level change 27
Ice Shelf Water 295
tracer studies see ISW tracer studies
Ice–ocean interactions 7
see also Sea ice
Icebergs 82, 83
calving 82
Iceland Basin 402, 403
WOCE float programme 137
Iceland Sea
changes during WOCE 569
thermohaline fluxes 306
Iceland–Scotland overflow 22, 94, 94,
137, 401, 402, 403, 403, 411, 569
transport means/variability 407–410,
408, 409
Iceland–Scotland Ridge 401, 402, 529
NADW formation 262
ICSU (International Council for Science)
3, 32, 39
IESs (Inverted Echo Sounders) 277, 278
IFREMER 188
IGBP (International Geosphere–Biosphere
Programme) 189
IGOS (Integrated Global Observing
Strategy) 5
IGY (International Geophysical Year) 25,
32, 39, 100, 260, 566, 588
float observations 125
IMET (Improved Meteorological
Measurements) 120, 121
Improved Meteorological Measurements
see IMET
Incompressibility 318
Indian Ocean
AABW (Antarctic Bottom Water) entry
260–261
ACC (Antarctic Circumpolar Current)
freshwater transport 304
box inverse models 528
deep circulation quantification 265–266
deep cross-equatorial flows 243–245
DWBCs (Deep Western Boundary
Currents) 261
Ekman velocity estimation 119–120
equatorial deep jets 244–245
excess CO 2 concentration
distribution 509, 509–510
float programme 131, 132
freshwater flux 304, 330, 335, 484,
485, 486
heat flux/transport 470, 471
direct estimates 464
hydrographic sections 100
intermediate waters long-term changes
26
interocean exchange 304, 305, 310, 311
tracer studies 449–450
meridional overturning circulation 339
near-equatorial circulation 233–245,
234, 246
cross-equatorial currents 237–239,
238
equatorial flow relation to
higher-latitude flow 242–243
equatorial zonal flows 233, 235,
236–237
surface heat budget 239
western boundary current flows
239–242
potential vorticity field 529
SSS (sea surface salinity) 324
SST (sea surface temperature) variation
25, 322, 322, 323, 323
subtropical mode waters 382
thermal expansion rates 28
tropical–extratropical exchanges
255–256
tropical/subtropical dipoles 236, 246,
530, 531
water mass large-scale changes 576,
576–580, 578, 579
WHP one-time survey 102, 105, 110
Indian Ocean Dipole 236, 246, 530, 531
INDIGO expeditions 444
Indonesian Seas 54
interocean exchange 305, 307–310, 313
freshwater flux 484
tracer studies 449–450, 451
Indonesian Throughflow 18, 22, 209,
216, 219, 220, 222, 243, 246,
252, 255, 305, 527, 528, 529
altimetric transport estimation 166
freshwater flux 484, 485
heat transport estimates 463, 464
interocean transport 307–308
ENSO-associated changes 308–309
interannual variability 531–532
thermohaline fluxes 309–310
transport profile 309
In-situ unmanned instruments 58
Insolation see Radiation
Instability 29
baroclinic 288–290
barotropic 287–288
Integrated Global Observing Strategy
see IGOS
Interannual variability 4, 6, 530, 531
Agulhas Current eddies 170
coupled ocean–atmosphere models
91–92
Denmark Strait northern overflows 532
equatorial Atlantic Ocean 226
heat flux/transport 530
Indonesian Throughflow transport
531–532
Kuroshio Current transport 532
LSW (Labrador Sea Water) 532, 568
measurement methods 532
Mediterranean outflow 425, 427
Mediterranean Water 425
mode waters 384–385
NADW (North Atlantic Deep Water)
532
Pacific Ocean 531
repeat hydrographic data 532, 557
sea-level 159–160
tropical Indian Ocean 243
Southern Ocean 92
surface water mass transformation 335
Interglacial periods 26, 27
INDEX
701