Turbulent mixing 337, 338
abyssal currents 353
bottom boundary layer 350
mesoscale eddies 340, 341
ocean currents 349–351
thermohaline intrusions 346
zonal jets 349
UCDW (Upper Circumpolar Deep Water)
293, 294, 298
Upper Circumpolar Deep Water see
UCDW
Upper ocean structure/currents 4, 5
ADCPs 111
WHP (WOCE Hydrographic
Programme) 100
see also Surface circulation
Upper ocean thermal fields 533–534
WOCE Data System 187–188
Upwelling 155
equatorial 225, 247, 256
Variability 529–532, 557–558, 596
WOCE goals 37
Velocity data sets 534
Vema Channel 267, 269, 269, 353
Ventilated thermocline model 359, 359
Ventilation 206, 526, 563, 564
deep convection 390, 391
main thermocline 359
mode waters formation 373–374
shadow zone 225, 359, 366
subduction 367–368
tracer studies 432
Pacific Ocean 433–435, 434, 435
Vertical advection 340
Vertical Current Meter floats 137
Volcanic eruptions 6
Voluntary Observing Ships see VOS
Vortical mode motions 338
tracers dispersion 345
Vorticity 22
equation 281–282
potential vorticity definition 375
potential vorticity flux 286–287
VOS (Voluntary Observing Ships) 590,
592
IMET automated meterological data
collection 121
TOGA observing system 4
Wacongne–Pacanowski cell 238, 239
Warm water pathway/warm route see
Meridional overturning circulation
Water isotope tracer studies 432
glacial meltwater addition around
Antarctica 448, 448–449, 449
Water mass formation
coupled ocean–atmosphere models
90–91
diapycnal volume fluxes 318–319,
319
marginal seas 419
Water mass transformation
ocean surface 317–336
tracer studies 431–452
tropical ocean circulation 215–216
Water samples, WHP one-time survey
standards 103, 104
Water vapour 14, 80, 82, 162
coupled ocean–atmosphere models 80,
82, 93
WOCE Data system 188
Waves
baroclinic 80, 148, 153
barotropic 148, 151, 152–153
equatorial 91, 148
internal 348, 349, 350
Rossby 148, 149, 151, 153, 154–155,
281
tidal 205
wave guide 29, 91
WCRP (World Climate Research
Programme) 3–4, 189
global tracking system planning 193
goals 3, 9
planning 34, 36
Weddell Sea 401, 446, 447, 448
deep convection 21, 529
Mediterranean Water 427
Weddell Sea Bottom Water see WSBW
Weddell Sea Deep Water see WSDW
West Antarctic Ice Sheet 8
West Spitsbergen Current 572
Western boundary currents 18–19, 24,
206–207
deep convection 390–391
deep ocean circulation 211
Deep Western Boundary Currents
see DWBCs
Global Drifter Programme data
197–198
heat transport estimates 471, 472
mode waters 373, 376
moored arrays 471
seasonal deep mixed layers 17
SST (sea surface temperature) 322
tropical Indian Ocean 239–242
tropical–subtropical water exchanges
250
wind-driven modelling studies 67, 68
see also named currents
Western Mediterranean Deep Water
see WMDM
WGASF (Working Group on Air–Sea
Fluxes) 535
WHP (WOCE Hydrographic Programme)
8, 100–122
aims 100
climatologies 533
coordinating centre (WHP Office) 106,
107
cruise documentation summaries
production 108
data
formats 109
Products Committee 42
quality assurance 107–108, 109
reporting 108–109
WOCE Data System 186–187
deep helium field mapping 442–443,
442, 443
float deployment 130
JGOFS/WOCE global CO 2 survey 495,
496
measurements
methods 100
standards 103, 106–111
meteorological data collection 120
one-time survey see One-time
WHP survey
participation base 101, 101
planning 102–105
heat flux lines 104–105
Planning Office 38
repeat hydrography 102, 103,
105–106, 108, 121, 557
scale of survey 101–102, 103
station spacing 104
time-series stations 102
tracer studies 431
Wind
air–sea momentum transfer 13–14
COADS data 368, 456
curl of wind stress 17–18, 206
fields 152
Global Drifter Programme 195
lower trophosphere 5
satellite data 174–177
scatterometers 174, 175–177, 176
shipboard data collection 120
surface flux data sets 534–535
Wind stress 13–14, 13, 17
atmosphere–ocean interactions 173
satellite data 174–177
curl 17–18, 153, 206
numerical models 553
sea ice momentum transfer 16
sea-level variability 148, 151–153
shelf circulation 29
surface circulation 17
thermocline response to decadal
variability 366
tropical Indian Ocean 233, 234
tropical Pacific Ocean 222
wind-driven circulation models 64, 65,
67
Wind-driven circulation 17–21
high-resolution modelling 64–69, 77
interior circulation 209
Wind-driven currents see Ekman
transport
Winter mixed layers 17, 21
Wintertime convection 27
WMDM (Western Mediterranean Deep
Water) 422, 425
WMO (World Meteorological
Organization) 32, 33, 194
WOCE (World Ocean Circulation
Experiment) 3–4, 8, 12, 31–43,
48–51, 173
achievements 43
INDEX
711
abyssal currents 353
bottom boundary layer 350
mesoscale eddies 340, 341
ocean currents 349–351
thermohaline intrusions 346
zonal jets 349
UCDW (Upper Circumpolar Deep Water)
293, 294, 298
Upper Circumpolar Deep Water see
UCDW
Upper ocean structure/currents 4, 5
ADCPs 111
WHP (WOCE Hydrographic
Programme) 100
see also Surface circulation
Upper ocean thermal fields 533–534
WOCE Data System 187–188
Upwelling 155
equatorial 225, 247, 256
Variability 529–532, 557–558, 596
WOCE goals 37
Velocity data sets 534
Vema Channel 267, 269, 269, 353
Ventilated thermocline model 359, 359
Ventilation 206, 526, 563, 564
deep convection 390, 391
main thermocline 359
mode waters formation 373–374
shadow zone 225, 359, 366
subduction 367–368
tracer studies 432
Pacific Ocean 433–435, 434, 435
Vertical advection 340
Vertical Current Meter floats 137
Volcanic eruptions 6
Voluntary Observing Ships see VOS
Vortical mode motions 338
tracers dispersion 345
Vorticity 22
equation 281–282
potential vorticity definition 375
potential vorticity flux 286–287
VOS (Voluntary Observing Ships) 590,
592
IMET automated meterological data
collection 121
TOGA observing system 4
Wacongne–Pacanowski cell 238, 239
Warm water pathway/warm route see
Meridional overturning circulation
Water isotope tracer studies 432
glacial meltwater addition around
Antarctica 448, 448–449, 449
Water mass formation
coupled ocean–atmosphere models
90–91
diapycnal volume fluxes 318–319,
319
marginal seas 419
Water mass transformation
ocean surface 317–336
tracer studies 431–452
tropical ocean circulation 215–216
Water samples, WHP one-time survey
standards 103, 104
Water vapour 14, 80, 82, 162
coupled ocean–atmosphere models 80,
82, 93
WOCE Data system 188
Waves
baroclinic 80, 148, 153
barotropic 148, 151, 152–153
equatorial 91, 148
internal 348, 349, 350
Rossby 148, 149, 151, 153, 154–155,
281
tidal 205
wave guide 29, 91
WCRP (World Climate Research
Programme) 3–4, 189
global tracking system planning 193
goals 3, 9
planning 34, 36
Weddell Sea 401, 446, 447, 448
deep convection 21, 529
Mediterranean Water 427
Weddell Sea Bottom Water see WSBW
Weddell Sea Deep Water see WSDW
West Antarctic Ice Sheet 8
West Spitsbergen Current 572
Western boundary currents 18–19, 24,
206–207
deep convection 390–391
deep ocean circulation 211
Deep Western Boundary Currents
see DWBCs
Global Drifter Programme data
197–198
heat transport estimates 471, 472
mode waters 373, 376
moored arrays 471
seasonal deep mixed layers 17
SST (sea surface temperature) 322
tropical Indian Ocean 239–242
tropical–subtropical water exchanges
250
wind-driven modelling studies 67, 68
see also named currents
Western Mediterranean Deep Water
see WMDM
WGASF (Working Group on Air–Sea
Fluxes) 535
WHP (WOCE Hydrographic Programme)
8, 100–122
aims 100
climatologies 533
coordinating centre (WHP Office) 106,
107
cruise documentation summaries
production 108
data
formats 109
Products Committee 42
quality assurance 107–108, 109
reporting 108–109
WOCE Data System 186–187
deep helium field mapping 442–443,
442, 443
float deployment 130
JGOFS/WOCE global CO 2 survey 495,
496
measurements
methods 100
standards 103, 106–111
meteorological data collection 120
one-time survey see One-time
WHP survey
participation base 101, 101
planning 102–105
heat flux lines 104–105
Planning Office 38
repeat hydrography 102, 103,
105–106, 108, 121, 557
scale of survey 101–102, 103
station spacing 104
time-series stations 102
tracer studies 431
Wind
air–sea momentum transfer 13–14
COADS data 368, 456
curl of wind stress 17–18, 206
fields 152
Global Drifter Programme 195
lower trophosphere 5
satellite data 174–177
scatterometers 174, 175–177, 176
shipboard data collection 120
surface flux data sets 534–535
Wind stress 13–14, 13, 17
atmosphere–ocean interactions 173
satellite data 174–177
curl 17–18, 153, 206
numerical models 553
sea ice momentum transfer 16
sea-level variability 148, 151–153
shelf circulation 29
surface circulation 17
thermocline response to decadal
variability 366
tropical Indian Ocean 233, 234
tropical Pacific Ocean 222
wind-driven circulation models 64, 65,
67
Wind-driven circulation 17–21
high-resolution modelling 64–69, 77
interior circulation 209
Wind-driven currents see Ekman
transport
Winter mixed layers 17, 21
Wintertime convection 27
WMDM (Western Mediterranean Deep
Water) 422, 425
WMO (World Meteorological
Organization) 32, 33, 194
WOCE (World Ocean Circulation
Experiment) 3–4, 8, 12, 31–43,
48–51, 173
achievements 43
INDEX
711