Falklands/Malvinas current 19, 527
Faroe Bank Channel 89
northern overflows see
Iceland–Scotland overflow
FGGE (First GARP Global Experiment)
32, 33, 458
drifters 195, 197
Fieberling Guyot 351, 351
Findlater jet 242
Fine Resolution Antarctic Model (FRAM)
see Numerical models
First GARP Global Experiment see FGGE
Floats, subsurface 123–139, 470, 471,
473, 591
absolute mean velocity measurements
127–129
AJAX 438
ALACE (Autonomous LAgrangian
Circulation Explorer) 37, 41, 206
APEX 127
autonomous floats 126–127, 126
basin-wide studies 131–135, 132
data management 40, 130
WOCE Data System 188
deep convection studies 392–393
design development 124–126
historical background 123–127
instrumentation 130–131
interior circulation studies 208
Labrador Sea 391
MARVOR 126, 127, 130, 131, 133
P-ALACE (Profiling Autonomous
LAgrangian Circulation Explorer)
32, 127
data assimilation 539
deep convection studies 394
Labrador Sea 391
North Atlantic programme 134, 135
restratification process 397
RAFOS
Deep Basin Experiment 267
WOCE float programme 125–126,
127, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134,
135, 136, 137, 138
regional studies 135–137
sampling bias 129
SOFAR 32, 125, 125, 127
SOLO 127
underwater gliders 127
upper ocean thermal field data sets
533, 534
velocity data sets 534
WOCE float programme 126, 127,
129–132, 136, 138, 526, 527
see also Argo programme
Florida Current 67, 227
Florida Straits 54
Flux adjustment 84–86, 87
Flux correction see Flux adjustment
Flux studies
mean mass flux estimations 48
model time scales 63–64
surface flux data sets 534–535
WHP (WOCE Hydrographic
Programme) 100, 101, 104
FOCAL/SEQUAL experiment 226
Fram 585
Fram Strait 23, 402, 570, 571, 573, 581
Freshwater budget
Arctic Sea 306
coupled ocean–atmosphere models
82–83, 84, 86
global 487, 487–488
sea-level variability 149–150
see also Salinity
Freshwater flux/transport 17, 17, 23–24,
51, 52, 475–488, 589
Agulhas Retroflection 311–313
Bering Strait 306–307
coupled ocean–atmosphere models 88,
88
deep convection 390
diffusive mixing 338
direct ocean estimates 478–483, 485
indirect estimate comparisons
483–486
equatorial Atlantic Ocean 232–233
glacial meltwater
addition around Antarctica 448,
448–449, 449
ice sheet input 6, 23
global observation system 100, 101
Indian Ocean 304
indirect estimates 475–476, 477, 478,
479, 480
model development 476–478
Indonesian Throughflow 307
interocean exchange 484–485
mechanisms 486–487
North Atlantic Ocean 304
North Pacific Ocean 304
numerical models 553
Southern Ocean 303, 304
subduction, kinematic model 565
surface flux data sets 534–535
surface water masses 330–331, 331
bulk formulae 326–328
transformation 332
tropics 215, 245
WHP data collection 104, 105
WOCE data-based analyses 529
WOCE goals 37
Friction 259, 289
GARP (Global Atmospheric Research
Programme) 32, 33, 458
GATE 33
Gazelle expedition 585
GCMs (General Circulation Models) 6,
12, 79, 216
altimetry 143–148, 159
applications 79
baroclinic mechanisms 288
carbon transport 518
CO 2 uptake 492, 493
diapycnal transports 343–344
eddy-resolving 162
equilibrium versus non-equilibrium
solutions 62–64
freshwater transport 475–476, 486, 487
geophysical fluid dynamics 47
heat transport 467
Southern Ocean circulation 300
subsurface countercurrents 226
thermal expansion simulations 28
Wyrtki Jets 236
see also Models; Numerical models
GCOM (Global Change Observation
Mission) 180
GCOS (Global Climate Observing
System) 9, 43, 190, 588
General Circulation Models see GCMs
Geochemical Ocean Sections Study
see GEOSECS
GEOS-3 142
GEOSAT 142, 144, 151, 153, 155, 157,
158, 162, 163, 165, 167, 169, 274
GEOSECS (GEochemical Ocean SECtions
Study) 101, 268, 431, 433, 442,
444, 449
CO 2 data 497, 501, 512, 513
Geostrophic adjustments 163–165
Geostrophic currents 194, 209
tropical Pacific Ocean 217, 218–219,
218
Global Drifter Programme data 199
WOCE data-based analyses 527–529
Geostrophic shear
conversion into absolute velocity 123
shipboard ADCP data 119–120
Geostrophic velocity variability,
altimetric data 163–165, 164
GERB (Global Earth Radiation Budget)
sensor 180
GEWEX (Global Energy and Water Cycle
Experiment) 6
Gibbs Fracture Zone see Charlie–Gibbs
Fracture Zone
Global Atmospheric Research Programme
see GARP
Global Change Observation Mission
see GCOM
Global Climate Observing System
see GCOS
Global conveyer belt 6, 21, 47, 52, 53
Global Drifter Programme 5, 194, 204
data density distribution 197, 197
data set 194–195
eddy energy distribution 200, 200–201
altimeter data comparisons 201
instrumental methodology 195–198
sampling biases 198
wind-driven Ekman currents 14,
201–203, 202, 203
see also Drifters/drifting buoys
Global Earth Radiation Budget sensor
see GERB sensor
Global energy budget 11, 12, 23
Global Energy and Water Cycle
Experiment see GEWEX (Global
Energy and Water Cycle
Experiment)
Global mean velocity/velocity variance
143–144, 198–201
standard error ellipse computations
199
INDEX
699
Faroe Bank Channel 89
northern overflows see
Iceland–Scotland overflow
FGGE (First GARP Global Experiment)
32, 33, 458
drifters 195, 197
Fieberling Guyot 351, 351
Findlater jet 242
Fine Resolution Antarctic Model (FRAM)
see Numerical models
First GARP Global Experiment see FGGE
Floats, subsurface 123–139, 470, 471,
473, 591
absolute mean velocity measurements
127–129
AJAX 438
ALACE (Autonomous LAgrangian
Circulation Explorer) 37, 41, 206
APEX 127
autonomous floats 126–127, 126
basin-wide studies 131–135, 132
data management 40, 130
WOCE Data System 188
deep convection studies 392–393
design development 124–126
historical background 123–127
instrumentation 130–131
interior circulation studies 208
Labrador Sea 391
MARVOR 126, 127, 130, 131, 133
P-ALACE (Profiling Autonomous
LAgrangian Circulation Explorer)
32, 127
data assimilation 539
deep convection studies 394
Labrador Sea 391
North Atlantic programme 134, 135
restratification process 397
RAFOS
Deep Basin Experiment 267
WOCE float programme 125–126,
127, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134,
135, 136, 137, 138
regional studies 135–137
sampling bias 129
SOFAR 32, 125, 125, 127
SOLO 127
underwater gliders 127
upper ocean thermal field data sets
533, 534
velocity data sets 534
WOCE float programme 126, 127,
129–132, 136, 138, 526, 527
see also Argo programme
Florida Current 67, 227
Florida Straits 54
Flux adjustment 84–86, 87
Flux correction see Flux adjustment
Flux studies
mean mass flux estimations 48
model time scales 63–64
surface flux data sets 534–535
WHP (WOCE Hydrographic
Programme) 100, 101, 104
FOCAL/SEQUAL experiment 226
Fram 585
Fram Strait 23, 402, 570, 571, 573, 581
Freshwater budget
Arctic Sea 306
coupled ocean–atmosphere models
82–83, 84, 86
global 487, 487–488
sea-level variability 149–150
see also Salinity
Freshwater flux/transport 17, 17, 23–24,
51, 52, 475–488, 589
Agulhas Retroflection 311–313
Bering Strait 306–307
coupled ocean–atmosphere models 88,
88
deep convection 390
diffusive mixing 338
direct ocean estimates 478–483, 485
indirect estimate comparisons
483–486
equatorial Atlantic Ocean 232–233
glacial meltwater
addition around Antarctica 448,
448–449, 449
ice sheet input 6, 23
global observation system 100, 101
Indian Ocean 304
indirect estimates 475–476, 477, 478,
479, 480
model development 476–478
Indonesian Throughflow 307
interocean exchange 484–485
mechanisms 486–487
North Atlantic Ocean 304
North Pacific Ocean 304
numerical models 553
Southern Ocean 303, 304
subduction, kinematic model 565
surface flux data sets 534–535
surface water masses 330–331, 331
bulk formulae 326–328
transformation 332
tropics 215, 245
WHP data collection 104, 105
WOCE data-based analyses 529
WOCE goals 37
Friction 259, 289
GARP (Global Atmospheric Research
Programme) 32, 33, 458
GATE 33
Gazelle expedition 585
GCMs (General Circulation Models) 6,
12, 79, 216
altimetry 143–148, 159
applications 79
baroclinic mechanisms 288
carbon transport 518
CO 2 uptake 492, 493
diapycnal transports 343–344
eddy-resolving 162
equilibrium versus non-equilibrium
solutions 62–64
freshwater transport 475–476, 486, 487
geophysical fluid dynamics 47
heat transport 467
Southern Ocean circulation 300
subsurface countercurrents 226
thermal expansion simulations 28
Wyrtki Jets 236
see also Models; Numerical models
GCOM (Global Change Observation
Mission) 180
GCOS (Global Climate Observing
System) 9, 43, 190, 588
General Circulation Models see GCMs
Geochemical Ocean Sections Study
see GEOSECS
GEOS-3 142
GEOSAT 142, 144, 151, 153, 155, 157,
158, 162, 163, 165, 167, 169, 274
GEOSECS (GEochemical Ocean SECtions
Study) 101, 268, 431, 433, 442,
444, 449
CO 2 data 497, 501, 512, 513
Geostrophic adjustments 163–165
Geostrophic currents 194, 209
tropical Pacific Ocean 217, 218–219,
218
Global Drifter Programme data 199
WOCE data-based analyses 527–529
Geostrophic shear
conversion into absolute velocity 123
shipboard ADCP data 119–120
Geostrophic velocity variability,
altimetric data 163–165, 164
GERB (Global Earth Radiation Budget)
sensor 180
GEWEX (Global Energy and Water Cycle
Experiment) 6
Gibbs Fracture Zone see Charlie–Gibbs
Fracture Zone
Global Atmospheric Research Programme
see GARP
Global Change Observation Mission
see GCOM
Global Climate Observing System
see GCOS
Global conveyer belt 6, 21, 47, 52, 53
Global Drifter Programme 5, 194, 204
data density distribution 197, 197
data set 194–195
eddy energy distribution 200, 200–201
altimeter data comparisons 201
instrumental methodology 195–198
sampling biases 198
wind-driven Ekman currents 14,
201–203, 202, 203
see also Drifters/drifting buoys
Global Earth Radiation Budget sensor
see GERB sensor
Global energy budget 11, 12, 23
Global Energy and Water Cycle
Experiment see GEWEX (Global
Energy and Water Cycle
Experiment)
Global mean velocity/velocity variance
143–144, 198–201
standard error ellipse computations
199
INDEX
699