Drifters (cont.)
WOCE planning 37
see also Global Drifter Programme
DSOW (Denmark Strait Overflow Water)
63, 64, 390
North Atlantic thermohaline
circulation models 73, 74
DWBCs (Deep Western Boundary
Currents) 259, 260–266, 261
Atlantic Ocean 260, 262–265, 263
CFC tracer studies 436–437
Indian Ocean 265–266
Pacific Ocean 260, 261–262, 262
wind-driven models 68, 70
WOCE float programme 136
DYNAMO project 62, 67, 68, 75, 414,
415, 555
Earth Radiation Budget Experiment
see ERBE
East African Coast Current 233
East Australian Current 19, 20, 29, 131,
376, 463, 470
East Greenland Current 23, 306, 402
East North Atlantic Water 379
East Pacific Rise see EPR
Eastern boundary currents/return flows
19, 21, 24
EBDW (Eurasian Basin Deep Water) 571
ECCO (Estimation of the Circulation and
Climate of the Ocean) 545
Eddies 24
Agulhas Current interocean exchange
311
altimetry 162, 167–169
diffusion coefficients 169, 169
mean flow interaction 167–168
mesoscale energy variation 169–170,
170
spatial/temporal scales 168–169
temporal meridional mean 338,
340–345, 354
annual cycle of energy 158–159
cross-equatorial transport 311–312
early studies 31, 32
energy transfer 200–201
flux parameterization 70–73, 82
generation 70, 167–168
Global Drifter Programme energy
distribution data 195, 200–201,
200
heat fluxes see Eddy fluxes
high-resolution models 70–73
kinetic energy 82, 163–164, 165, 170
mean flow interaction 167–168, 341
mesoscale/microscale lateral dispersion
345–346
North Brazil retroflection 227
potential energy 82
Reynolds stress 167, 168
subduction effects 363–364
subtropical eastern Atlantic 167–168
wind forcing 151–153
Eddy fluxes
ACC (Antarctic Circumpolar Current)
272–273, 279–280, 301
Agulhas Current interocean exchanges
311–312
mixed layer 321
residual mean flow theory 341
Southern Ocean 271, 303
tropical Pacific Ocean 220–221
Eddy-resolving models 38, 61, 62, 72–73,
75, 80, 363–364, 551
EGM96 147
EIC (Equatorial Intermediate Currents)
245
equatorial Atlantic Ocean 227, 228
Pacific Ocean 225
Eighteen Degree Water see NASTMW
(North Atlantic Subtropical Mode
Water)
Ekman layer
depth scaling 203, 203
Global Drifter Programme data
201–202
Ekman transport 14, 24, 151, 194
ACC (Antarctic Circumpolar Current)
282, 283, 284, 285
Ekman layer depth scaling 203, 203
freshwater flux estimates 482, 483
Global Drifter Programme data 195,
199, 201–203, 202, 203
heat transport
direct estimates 462, 463
meridional in Atlantic Ocean 232
Indian Ocean
equatorial 244
tropical 233, 237–238, 239
Indonesian Seas 309
overturning circulation 298, 300
Pacific Ocean
tropical 199, 216, 218–219
tropical–subtropical water exchanges
249, 252
shipboard ADCP data 119–120
subduction 360, 361, 361, 362,
369–370, 373, 374
WOCE data-based analyses 527
Eltanin Survey 49, 50
ENSO (El Niño-Southern Oscillation) 6,
18, 24–25, 54, 215, 335, 530,
542–543, 588, 589
altimetric data 159–160, 171
coupled ocean–atmosphere models 79,
84, 86, 91, 92
Indonesian Throughflow transport
rates 308–310, 450, 531
interocean transport changes 306, 313
Kuroshio Extension 575
mid-latitude propagation of effects 155
ocean heat storage 162
Pacific Ocean
solar radiation absorption 14
surface circulation from drifter data
199
tropical SSTs 562
prediction 588, 591, 592–593, 594,
595, 601
regional impacts 30
remote sensing 590
heat flux 178, 179
temporal variability 221–222
TOGA study 3, 4
wind stress effects 13–14
Entrainment flux 320, 321
ENVISAT 171
EOLE satellite system 32
EPR (East Pacific Rise) 224, 442, 443
Equatorial Deep Jets 222
Indian Ocean 244–245
Equatorial Intermediate Currents
see EIC
Equatorial Subsurface Countercurrents
253, 254
Equatorial UnderCurrent see EUC
ERBE (Earth Radiation Budget
Experiment) 178, 458
ERS-1/2 5, 41, 105, 142, 162, 175, 177,
188, 539
Estimation of the Circulation and Climate
of the Ocean see ECCO
EUC (Equatorial UnderCurrent) 216,
217, 218, 219, 225, 245, 255
Atlantic Ocean 227, 228
dynamics 221
Indian Ocean 236, 240
Pacific Ocean 220, 222, 255
Intermediate Waters dynamics 254
tropical–subtropical water exchanges
249, 250, 251
EUC/SEC (Equatorial
Undercurrent–South Equatorial
Current) system turbulent mixing
349
Eurasian Basin Deep Water see EBDW
EUROFLOAT 131
Evaporation 15, 173, 179
coupled ocean–atmosphere models 82,
83
direct estimates 480–481
indirect estimates 476, 479
Mediterranean Sea
interannual variability 425
salinity 422
seasonal cycle 425
satellite data 177
shipboard meteorological data 120
surface fluxes estimation 327, 328,
330
Evaporation/precipitation difference
ACC (Antarctic Circumpolar Current)
changes across Southern Atlantic
304
atmosphere–ocean interactions 173,
179
direct ocean estimates 480–481
indirect estimates 476, 478
North Atlantic Ocean 304
North Pacific Ocean 304
Exchange pathway 247
Exchange window 251
Expendable Bathythermographs
see XBTs
Expendable instruments 57
INDEX
698
WOCE planning 37
see also Global Drifter Programme
DSOW (Denmark Strait Overflow Water)
63, 64, 390
North Atlantic thermohaline
circulation models 73, 74
DWBCs (Deep Western Boundary
Currents) 259, 260–266, 261
Atlantic Ocean 260, 262–265, 263
CFC tracer studies 436–437
Indian Ocean 265–266
Pacific Ocean 260, 261–262, 262
wind-driven models 68, 70
WOCE float programme 136
DYNAMO project 62, 67, 68, 75, 414,
415, 555
Earth Radiation Budget Experiment
see ERBE
East African Coast Current 233
East Australian Current 19, 20, 29, 131,
376, 463, 470
East Greenland Current 23, 306, 402
East North Atlantic Water 379
East Pacific Rise see EPR
Eastern boundary currents/return flows
19, 21, 24
EBDW (Eurasian Basin Deep Water) 571
ECCO (Estimation of the Circulation and
Climate of the Ocean) 545
Eddies 24
Agulhas Current interocean exchange
311
altimetry 162, 167–169
diffusion coefficients 169, 169
mean flow interaction 167–168
mesoscale energy variation 169–170,
170
spatial/temporal scales 168–169
temporal meridional mean 338,
340–345, 354
annual cycle of energy 158–159
cross-equatorial transport 311–312
early studies 31, 32
energy transfer 200–201
flux parameterization 70–73, 82
generation 70, 167–168
Global Drifter Programme energy
distribution data 195, 200–201,
200
heat fluxes see Eddy fluxes
high-resolution models 70–73
kinetic energy 82, 163–164, 165, 170
mean flow interaction 167–168, 341
mesoscale/microscale lateral dispersion
345–346
North Brazil retroflection 227
potential energy 82
Reynolds stress 167, 168
subduction effects 363–364
subtropical eastern Atlantic 167–168
wind forcing 151–153
Eddy fluxes
ACC (Antarctic Circumpolar Current)
272–273, 279–280, 301
Agulhas Current interocean exchanges
311–312
mixed layer 321
residual mean flow theory 341
Southern Ocean 271, 303
tropical Pacific Ocean 220–221
Eddy-resolving models 38, 61, 62, 72–73,
75, 80, 363–364, 551
EGM96 147
EIC (Equatorial Intermediate Currents)
245
equatorial Atlantic Ocean 227, 228
Pacific Ocean 225
Eighteen Degree Water see NASTMW
(North Atlantic Subtropical Mode
Water)
Ekman layer
depth scaling 203, 203
Global Drifter Programme data
201–202
Ekman transport 14, 24, 151, 194
ACC (Antarctic Circumpolar Current)
282, 283, 284, 285
Ekman layer depth scaling 203, 203
freshwater flux estimates 482, 483
Global Drifter Programme data 195,
199, 201–203, 202, 203
heat transport
direct estimates 462, 463
meridional in Atlantic Ocean 232
Indian Ocean
equatorial 244
tropical 233, 237–238, 239
Indonesian Seas 309
overturning circulation 298, 300
Pacific Ocean
tropical 199, 216, 218–219
tropical–subtropical water exchanges
249, 252
shipboard ADCP data 119–120
subduction 360, 361, 361, 362,
369–370, 373, 374
WOCE data-based analyses 527
Eltanin Survey 49, 50
ENSO (El Niño-Southern Oscillation) 6,
18, 24–25, 54, 215, 335, 530,
542–543, 588, 589
altimetric data 159–160, 171
coupled ocean–atmosphere models 79,
84, 86, 91, 92
Indonesian Throughflow transport
rates 308–310, 450, 531
interocean transport changes 306, 313
Kuroshio Extension 575
mid-latitude propagation of effects 155
ocean heat storage 162
Pacific Ocean
solar radiation absorption 14
surface circulation from drifter data
199
tropical SSTs 562
prediction 588, 591, 592–593, 594,
595, 601
regional impacts 30
remote sensing 590
heat flux 178, 179
temporal variability 221–222
TOGA study 3, 4
wind stress effects 13–14
Entrainment flux 320, 321
ENVISAT 171
EOLE satellite system 32
EPR (East Pacific Rise) 224, 442, 443
Equatorial Deep Jets 222
Indian Ocean 244–245
Equatorial Intermediate Currents
see EIC
Equatorial Subsurface Countercurrents
253, 254
Equatorial UnderCurrent see EUC
ERBE (Earth Radiation Budget
Experiment) 178, 458
ERS-1/2 5, 41, 105, 142, 162, 175, 177,
188, 539
Estimation of the Circulation and Climate
of the Ocean see ECCO
EUC (Equatorial UnderCurrent) 216,
217, 218, 219, 225, 245, 255
Atlantic Ocean 227, 228
dynamics 221
Indian Ocean 236, 240
Pacific Ocean 220, 222, 255
Intermediate Waters dynamics 254
tropical–subtropical water exchanges
249, 250, 251
EUC/SEC (Equatorial
Undercurrent–South Equatorial
Current) system turbulent mixing
349
Eurasian Basin Deep Water see EBDW
EUROFLOAT 131
Evaporation 15, 173, 179
coupled ocean–atmosphere models 82,
83
direct estimates 480–481
indirect estimates 476, 479
Mediterranean Sea
interannual variability 425
salinity 422
seasonal cycle 425
satellite data 177
shipboard meteorological data 120
surface fluxes estimation 327, 328,
330
Evaporation/precipitation difference
ACC (Antarctic Circumpolar Current)
changes across Southern Atlantic
304
atmosphere–ocean interactions 173,
179
direct ocean estimates 480–481
indirect estimates 476, 478
North Atlantic Ocean 304
North Pacific Ocean 304
Exchange pathway 247
Exchange window 251
Expendable Bathythermographs
see XBTs
Expendable instruments 57
INDEX
698