Data assimilation see Ocean state
estimation
Data collection/distribution 526
conversion errors 108–109
Global Drifter Programme 194
drifter design features 195, 196
JGOFS/WOCE global CO 2 survey
498
WHP measurements 108
WOCE float programme 130
WOCE planning 39–41
see also WOCE Data System
Data formats 109
Data Information Unit see DIU
Data online sources 526, 534, 535
Data Products Committee see DPC
Data quality assurance 40–41
CTD measurements 108, 109
JGOFS/WOCE global CO 2 survey
498–503
certified reference materials 499
shore-based analyses 499–501, 500
shipboard observations 107–108
meteorology 121
upper ocean thermal field data 534
Data Quality Experts see DQEs
Data sharing policy 39–41, 185
DBE (Deep Basin Experiment) 128, 130,
211, 260, 265, 266–269, 268
Lagrangian measurements 267–268
moored arrays 267
time scales 268, 270
tracer studies 267, 352, 353
see also Brazil Basin Experiment
Deacon Cell 283
Decadal time scale changes 530, 531
coupled ocean–atmosphere models 92
deep water masses 25–26
intermediate water masses 25–26
Atlantic Ocean heat flux 565–567
Kuroshio Current transport 573–575,
574, 575, 576, 582
mode waters 385–386
repeat hydrographic data 532, 557
salinity 25–26
temperature 25–26, 366
thermocline transient response 365,
365–370, 366, 367, 368, 369
Deep Basin Experiment see DBE
Deep circulation 259–270
Atlantic Ocean 262–265
Indian Ocean 265–266
mixing rates 266, 266
moored current meter arrays 259, 260,
261, 261
Pacific Ocean 261–262
WOCE objectives 259–260
Deep convection 21, 205, 215, 387–400,
401, 529
density flux 387, 389, 390, 391–392
Gulf of Lions 421–422
heat fluxes 387, 389, 389
mode waters formation 581
North Atlantic Ocean 304
North Pacific Ocean 304
plumes 391–393, 392, 398
restratification process 396–398, 397,
398
salinity variability 390, 393–396, 394,
395
temperature variability 393–396, 393,
394, 395
ventilation 390, 391
Deep jets
Atlantic Ocean 264
deep reversing jets 233, 245
equatorial 222, 244–245
turbulent mixing 349
tropical Pacific Ocean 224–225
Deep seasonal mixed layer 17
Deep water formation see Convection;
Overturning; Ventilation
Deep water masses
circulation 21–22
bathymetry 22
global overturning 297–298
North Atlantic Ocean 24
Pacific Ocean tracer studies
444–446, 446
see also Mixing
decadal time scale changes 25–26
diapycnal (vertical) mixing 211–212,
339
formation 21, 259
coupled ocean–atmosphere models
90–91
equatorial Indian Ocean 243
Southern Ocean tracer studies
446–448
thermohaline circulation models 75
TRM (Temporal–Residual–Mean)
approach 344–345
Deep Western Boundary Currents
see DWBCs
Deep-sea reversing thermometers 107
Defense Meteorological Space Program
see DMSP
Denmark Strait 89, 529
NADW formation 262
near-bottom mixing 351
northern overflows 401, 402, 403,
405–406, 411, 569, 573
transport interannual variability 532
transport means 410–411
Denmark Strait Overflow Water
see DSOW
Density budgets, diapycnal volume fluxes
319, 319–320
Density flux 338
deep convection 387, 389, 390,
391–392
restratification process 396–397
surface water mass 331
transformation estimation 332
Depth-averaged water velocity, ADCP
data 111–112
Deterministic weather forecasting 4
DGPS (Differential Global Positioning
System) 113
Diapycnal circulation 5, 318
Diapycnal (vertical) mixing 338
abyssal circulation 339–340
global-scale thermohaline circulation
338–339
numerical models 551
ocean interior 346–349, 346, 351,
354–355
Diapycnal volume fluxes
density budgets 319–320
seasonal thermocline 321
water mass formation 318–319, 319
Differential Global Positioning System
see DGPS
Diffusion see Mixing
Diffusive flux 337, 338
mesoscale/microscale lateral dispersion
345–346
microstructure-based estimates
346–347
near-bottom mixing 350–351
surface water mass transformation 320
thermohaline intrusions 346
Dimethylsulphide see DMS
Discovery Gap 266, 412
DIU (Data Information Unit) 41, 42, 183,
186
DMS (dimethylsulphide) condensation
nuclei 15
DMSP (Defense Meteorological Space
Program) satellites 174, 177
Documentation, WHP cruise summaries
108
DORIS 35
Double-diffusive mixing 337, 338
numerical models 551
ocean interior 348, 355
thermohaline intrusions 346
DPC (Data Products Committee)
183–185
DQEs (Data Quality Experts) 107, 108
Drag coefficient 13
Drake Passage 41, 54, 106, 119, 376,
383, 470, 528
ACC (Antarctic Circumpolar Current)
transport 276, 277, 278, 279, 280,
303, 305
deep water masses circulation 22, 271
eddy fluxes 272, 273
Drifter Data Centre 194
Drifters/drifting buoys 5, 32, 49, 51, 57,
58, 193, 206, 470, 471, 473, 588,
590
Challenger expedition 193, 194
data management 40, 194
WOCE Data System 187
design 193–194, 195, 195–196, 196
drogues 32
sensor data transmission 196
detached drogues 196, 197
early research programmes 32
interior circulation studies 208
operational life 194, 196–197
tropical Pacific Ocean 222
velocity data sets 534
water-following capabilities assessment
193
wind-slip correction 196, 197
WOCE measurements 526, 527
INDEX
697
estimation
Data collection/distribution 526
conversion errors 108–109
Global Drifter Programme 194
drifter design features 195, 196
JGOFS/WOCE global CO 2 survey
498
WHP measurements 108
WOCE float programme 130
WOCE planning 39–41
see also WOCE Data System
Data formats 109
Data Information Unit see DIU
Data online sources 526, 534, 535
Data Products Committee see DPC
Data quality assurance 40–41
CTD measurements 108, 109
JGOFS/WOCE global CO 2 survey
498–503
certified reference materials 499
shore-based analyses 499–501, 500
shipboard observations 107–108
meteorology 121
upper ocean thermal field data 534
Data Quality Experts see DQEs
Data sharing policy 39–41, 185
DBE (Deep Basin Experiment) 128, 130,
211, 260, 265, 266–269, 268
Lagrangian measurements 267–268
moored arrays 267
time scales 268, 270
tracer studies 267, 352, 353
see also Brazil Basin Experiment
Deacon Cell 283
Decadal time scale changes 530, 531
coupled ocean–atmosphere models 92
deep water masses 25–26
intermediate water masses 25–26
Atlantic Ocean heat flux 565–567
Kuroshio Current transport 573–575,
574, 575, 576, 582
mode waters 385–386
repeat hydrographic data 532, 557
salinity 25–26
temperature 25–26, 366
thermocline transient response 365,
365–370, 366, 367, 368, 369
Deep Basin Experiment see DBE
Deep circulation 259–270
Atlantic Ocean 262–265
Indian Ocean 265–266
mixing rates 266, 266
moored current meter arrays 259, 260,
261, 261
Pacific Ocean 261–262
WOCE objectives 259–260
Deep convection 21, 205, 215, 387–400,
401, 529
density flux 387, 389, 390, 391–392
Gulf of Lions 421–422
heat fluxes 387, 389, 389
mode waters formation 581
North Atlantic Ocean 304
North Pacific Ocean 304
plumes 391–393, 392, 398
restratification process 396–398, 397,
398
salinity variability 390, 393–396, 394,
395
temperature variability 393–396, 393,
394, 395
ventilation 390, 391
Deep jets
Atlantic Ocean 264
deep reversing jets 233, 245
equatorial 222, 244–245
turbulent mixing 349
tropical Pacific Ocean 224–225
Deep seasonal mixed layer 17
Deep water formation see Convection;
Overturning; Ventilation
Deep water masses
circulation 21–22
bathymetry 22
global overturning 297–298
North Atlantic Ocean 24
Pacific Ocean tracer studies
444–446, 446
see also Mixing
decadal time scale changes 25–26
diapycnal (vertical) mixing 211–212,
339
formation 21, 259
coupled ocean–atmosphere models
90–91
equatorial Indian Ocean 243
Southern Ocean tracer studies
446–448
thermohaline circulation models 75
TRM (Temporal–Residual–Mean)
approach 344–345
Deep Western Boundary Currents
see DWBCs
Deep-sea reversing thermometers 107
Defense Meteorological Space Program
see DMSP
Denmark Strait 89, 529
NADW formation 262
near-bottom mixing 351
northern overflows 401, 402, 403,
405–406, 411, 569, 573
transport interannual variability 532
transport means 410–411
Denmark Strait Overflow Water
see DSOW
Density budgets, diapycnal volume fluxes
319, 319–320
Density flux 338
deep convection 387, 389, 390,
391–392
restratification process 396–397
surface water mass 331
transformation estimation 332
Depth-averaged water velocity, ADCP
data 111–112
Deterministic weather forecasting 4
DGPS (Differential Global Positioning
System) 113
Diapycnal circulation 5, 318
Diapycnal (vertical) mixing 338
abyssal circulation 339–340
global-scale thermohaline circulation
338–339
numerical models 551
ocean interior 346–349, 346, 351,
354–355
Diapycnal volume fluxes
density budgets 319–320
seasonal thermocline 321
water mass formation 318–319, 319
Differential Global Positioning System
see DGPS
Diffusion see Mixing
Diffusive flux 337, 338
mesoscale/microscale lateral dispersion
345–346
microstructure-based estimates
346–347
near-bottom mixing 350–351
surface water mass transformation 320
thermohaline intrusions 346
Dimethylsulphide see DMS
Discovery Gap 266, 412
DIU (Data Information Unit) 41, 42, 183,
186
DMS (dimethylsulphide) condensation
nuclei 15
DMSP (Defense Meteorological Space
Program) satellites 174, 177
Documentation, WHP cruise summaries
108
DORIS 35
Double-diffusive mixing 337, 338
numerical models 551
ocean interior 348, 355
thermohaline intrusions 346
DPC (Data Products Committee)
183–185
DQEs (Data Quality Experts) 107, 108
Drag coefficient 13
Drake Passage 41, 54, 106, 119, 376,
383, 470, 528
ACC (Antarctic Circumpolar Current)
transport 276, 277, 278, 279, 280,
303, 305
deep water masses circulation 22, 271
eddy fluxes 272, 273
Drifter Data Centre 194
Drifters/drifting buoys 5, 32, 49, 51, 57,
58, 193, 206, 470, 471, 473, 588,
590
Challenger expedition 193, 194
data management 40, 194
WOCE Data System 187
design 193–194, 195, 195–196, 196
drogues 32
sensor data transmission 196
detached drogues 196, 197
early research programmes 32
interior circulation studies 208
operational life 194, 196–197
tropical Pacific Ocean 222
velocity data sets 534
water-following capabilities assessment
193
wind-slip correction 196, 197
WOCE measurements 526, 527
INDEX
697