Chlorofluorocarbon tracer studies
see CFC tracer studies
Choke-points
ACC (Antarctic Circumpolar Current)
observations 277
monitoring 54
repeat hydrography 106
Circulation 17–23, 47
boundary currents 18–21, 20
buoyancy-driven flows 23
high-resolution models 51
historical framework 47, 48–49, 51,
56, 58
mapping, WOCE data-based analyses
526–529
regional studies 48
wind-driven 17–21
WOCE goals 37
Circumpolar Deep Water see CDW
Climate change 3, 595
anthropogenic (global warming) 7–8,
26, 79
climate drift 87
predictive models 3, 50
regional impacts 29–30
sudden 26–27, 27
see also Sea-level change
Climate models 79
climate prediction 81, 593, 595
flux adjustment 86
heat budget 455–456
heat transport 84–85
water budget 88
Climate sensitivity, global 93
Climate system 4–5
ocean impact 27–30
Climate variability 3
interannual/decadal phenomena 530,
531
long-term ocean–atmosphere
interactions 6
prediction 591, 592–595, 601
coupled ocean–atmosphere models
79, 86, 93–95
data assimilation techniques 593,
594, 595
limits of modelling approach 50
long-term observations 4, 5, 50, 56
mean state of ocean 595–596
time scales 595
TOGA data 3–4
WOCE data 8
Climate Variability and Predictability
study of WCRP see CLIVAR
Climatology 166–167
changes 87
hydrographic data 533
online access 534
surface 84
WOCE observational programmes
532–535
CLIVAR (Climate Variability and
Predictability study of WCRP) 5,
6, 8, 9, 25, 35, 43, 79, 173, 190,
379, 526, 529, 532, 545, 587,
587, 588–589, 593, 595
repeat hydrography 106
Clouds
condensation nuclei 15
coupled ocean–atmosphere models 80,
83, 93
satellite short-wave radiation flux data
178
solar radiation absorption/reflection
14, 80
surface heat flux estimation 327
water/ice measurement sensors 5
CMDAC (Current Meter Data Assembly
Centre) 534
CMIP (Coupled Model Intercomparison
Project) 95
CO 2 see Carbon dioxide
COARE (Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere
Response Experiment) 219–220
Coastal Upwelling Experiment
see CUEA
Cold water pathway/cold route see
Meridional overturning circulation
Committee on Climate Changes and the
Oceans see CCCO
Condensation nuclei 15
Conductivity-Temperature-Depth measurements see CTD measurements
Continental climate 6, 11
Convection
diurnal mixed layer 17
see also Deep convection
Coriolis force 205, 209, 247, 392
wind-driven Ekman current 201, 202,
203
Coulometric TCO 2 measurement
498–499
shore-based analyses comparisons
500–501, 500
see also Carbon cycle
Coupled Model Intercomparison Project
see CMIP
Coupled ocean–atmosphere models 24,
79–96, 553–554
acronyms 96
climate sensitivity 93
component coupling 82
components 79–83
atmosphere 80–81
land surfaces 81
ocean 81–82
sea ice 82
decadal variability 92
flux adjustment 84–86, 85
forcing 83
freshwater budget 82–83, 86
freshwater transport 88, 88, 477
future climate simulations 93–95
heat budget 84–85
heat transport 87–88, 467–468
initialization
categories 86–87
techniques 87
interannual variability 91–92
intermediate complexity models 80
past climate simulations 92–93
sea surface temperature 87
thermohaline overturning circulation
88–90, 89, 93–94, 94
time-scales 79
upper ocean thermal field data 534
water mass formation/ventilation
processes 90–91
Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Response
Experiment see COARE
CRMs (certified reference materials) 499,
501, 502
see also Carbon cycle
Cryosphere 7
CTD (Conductivity-Temperature-Depth)
measurements 49, 526
altimeter sea level data relation 157
combined with ADCP data 119
data formats 109
data quality assurance 108, 109
deep convection studies 394, 398
early studies 31, 32
WHP (WOCE Hydrographic
Programme) 100, 102–111
one-time survey 103, 103, 105
standards 103, 103, 107
WOCE Data System 187
CUEA (Coastal Upwelling Experiment)
48
Current Meter Data Assembly Centre
see CMDAC
Current meters
data management 40, 51
ocean variability studies 530
see also Moored current meter arrays
Currents
altimetry 162–170
baroclinic 276, 277, 278
barotropic 165, 276–277
float programme measurements see
Floats, subsurface
transport/variability estimates
165–167
turbulent mixing 349–351
vertical shear
geostrophic calculations 99, 100
quantitative data 99
reference velocity calculation 100
DACs (Data Assembly Centres) 41, 107,
108, 183, 185
ADCPs 188
Current Meter 188
data format 109
float data 130, 188
hydrographic data 187
in-situ sea-level data 188
meteorological data 121
planning 40
surface drifter data 187
Surface Meteorology 188
total data sets submitted 40
upper ocean thermal data 188
Dansgaard/Oeschger events 26
Data Assembly Centres see DACs
INDEX
696
see CFC tracer studies
Choke-points
ACC (Antarctic Circumpolar Current)
observations 277
monitoring 54
repeat hydrography 106
Circulation 17–23, 47
boundary currents 18–21, 20
buoyancy-driven flows 23
high-resolution models 51
historical framework 47, 48–49, 51,
56, 58
mapping, WOCE data-based analyses
526–529
regional studies 48
wind-driven 17–21
WOCE goals 37
Circumpolar Deep Water see CDW
Climate change 3, 595
anthropogenic (global warming) 7–8,
26, 79
climate drift 87
predictive models 3, 50
regional impacts 29–30
sudden 26–27, 27
see also Sea-level change
Climate models 79
climate prediction 81, 593, 595
flux adjustment 86
heat budget 455–456
heat transport 84–85
water budget 88
Climate sensitivity, global 93
Climate system 4–5
ocean impact 27–30
Climate variability 3
interannual/decadal phenomena 530,
531
long-term ocean–atmosphere
interactions 6
prediction 591, 592–595, 601
coupled ocean–atmosphere models
79, 86, 93–95
data assimilation techniques 593,
594, 595
limits of modelling approach 50
long-term observations 4, 5, 50, 56
mean state of ocean 595–596
time scales 595
TOGA data 3–4
WOCE data 8
Climate Variability and Predictability
study of WCRP see CLIVAR
Climatology 166–167
changes 87
hydrographic data 533
online access 534
surface 84
WOCE observational programmes
532–535
CLIVAR (Climate Variability and
Predictability study of WCRP) 5,
6, 8, 9, 25, 35, 43, 79, 173, 190,
379, 526, 529, 532, 545, 587,
587, 588–589, 593, 595
repeat hydrography 106
Clouds
condensation nuclei 15
coupled ocean–atmosphere models 80,
83, 93
satellite short-wave radiation flux data
178
solar radiation absorption/reflection
14, 80
surface heat flux estimation 327
water/ice measurement sensors 5
CMDAC (Current Meter Data Assembly
Centre) 534
CMIP (Coupled Model Intercomparison
Project) 95
CO 2 see Carbon dioxide
COARE (Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere
Response Experiment) 219–220
Coastal Upwelling Experiment
see CUEA
Cold water pathway/cold route see
Meridional overturning circulation
Committee on Climate Changes and the
Oceans see CCCO
Condensation nuclei 15
Conductivity-Temperature-Depth measurements see CTD measurements
Continental climate 6, 11
Convection
diurnal mixed layer 17
see also Deep convection
Coriolis force 205, 209, 247, 392
wind-driven Ekman current 201, 202,
203
Coulometric TCO 2 measurement
498–499
shore-based analyses comparisons
500–501, 500
see also Carbon cycle
Coupled Model Intercomparison Project
see CMIP
Coupled ocean–atmosphere models 24,
79–96, 553–554
acronyms 96
climate sensitivity 93
component coupling 82
components 79–83
atmosphere 80–81
land surfaces 81
ocean 81–82
sea ice 82
decadal variability 92
flux adjustment 84–86, 85
forcing 83
freshwater budget 82–83, 86
freshwater transport 88, 88, 477
future climate simulations 93–95
heat budget 84–85
heat transport 87–88, 467–468
initialization
categories 86–87
techniques 87
interannual variability 91–92
intermediate complexity models 80
past climate simulations 92–93
sea surface temperature 87
thermohaline overturning circulation
88–90, 89, 93–94, 94
time-scales 79
upper ocean thermal field data 534
water mass formation/ventilation
processes 90–91
Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Response
Experiment see COARE
CRMs (certified reference materials) 499,
501, 502
see also Carbon cycle
Cryosphere 7
CTD (Conductivity-Temperature-Depth)
measurements 49, 526
altimeter sea level data relation 157
combined with ADCP data 119
data formats 109
data quality assurance 108, 109
deep convection studies 394, 398
early studies 31, 32
WHP (WOCE Hydrographic
Programme) 100, 102–111
one-time survey 103, 103, 105
standards 103, 103, 107
WOCE Data System 187
CUEA (Coastal Upwelling Experiment)
48
Current Meter Data Assembly Centre
see CMDAC
Current meters
data management 40, 51
ocean variability studies 530
see also Moored current meter arrays
Currents
altimetry 162–170
baroclinic 276, 277, 278
barotropic 165, 276–277
float programme measurements see
Floats, subsurface
transport/variability estimates
165–167
turbulent mixing 349–351
vertical shear
geostrophic calculations 99, 100
quantitative data 99
reference velocity calculation 100
DACs (Data Assembly Centres) 41, 107,
108, 183, 185
ADCPs 188
Current Meter 188
data format 109
float data 130, 188
hydrographic data 187
in-situ sea-level data 188
meteorological data 121
planning 40
surface drifter data 187
Surface Meteorology 188
total data sets submitted 40
upper ocean thermal data 188
Dansgaard/Oeschger events 26
Data Assembly Centres see DACs
INDEX
696