sea-level variability 148
sensible heat 178–179
short-wave radiation 178
SST decadal variation 366
surface flux 12–17
time-scale 4
water exchange/surface salinity 15
water mass transformation 317
wind stress, scatterometers 174,
175–177, 176
WOCE Data System 188
Atmospheric Infrared Sounder see AIRS
Atmospheric Model Intercomparison
Project see AMIP
Atmospheric pressure measurements,
drifters 195, 197, 204
Autonomous LAgrangian Circulation
Explorer floats see ALACE floats
AXBT (Air-dropped Expendable Bathy
Thermograph) 157
Azores Current 71, 210
Baffin Island Current 390
Barometric pressure data 120
Bathymetry 22, 40, 188
Benguela Current 21
altimetric transport estimation 166
interocean exchange transport
310–311, 313
Bering Strait 401, 460
carbon transport 514, 515
interocean exchange 305, 306–307,
313, 314
freshwater flux 484, 485, 486
Beta 151, 153, 154, 237, 286, 287
plane 289
spiral 123, 251
topographic 290–291
Biogeochemical cycles 83
Bottle samples see Sample
measurements
Bottom frictional processes 259
Bottom pressure gauges 49
Bottom water masses
formation 259
Pacific Ocean circulation tracer studies
444–446, 446
Boundary conditions 83, 340
Boundary currents 18–21, 20
Global Drifter Programme data
197–198
heat flux 5
WHP data collection 105
wind-driven modelling studies 67, 68
Boundary layer 80, 82
bottom 90, 350
surface 80, 81
Boundary mixing 340
Boussinesq approximation 318, 550
Bowen-ratio 178
Box inverse models 527, 528
Brazil Basin
AABW (Antarctic Bottom Water) 265
moored current meter arrays 265
tracer experiments 352, 353
Brazil Basin Experiment 49, 52, 133, 211,
529
see also DBE (Deep Basin Experiment)
Brazil Current 19, 303, 376, 527
SST (sea surface temperature) 322
Bulk formula estimates 326–328,
456–458, 473
Cabbeling 320
CAGE 34
California Current 19, 21, 164, 165, 377
Canadian Basin Deep Water see CBDW
Canary Current 19, 201, 377
Cape Farewell 411, 415, 416
Cape of Good Hope Experiment
see KAPEX
Carbon budget 489–495
predominant carbon species 490
Carbon cycle 16
carbon (
14
C) tracer studies 432
Pacific Ocean deep/bottom water
circulation 444–446, 446
WHP one-time survey standards 103
meridional carbon transport 513
ocean CO 2 storage 491
ocean models 8
see also Anthropogenic (Excess) CO 2 ;
Coulometric TCO 2 measurement;
CRMs
Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) 101, 105
atmosphere–ocean exchanges 16
limiting factors 16
modelling 60–61
seasonal 11–12
atmospheric measurements 489
coupled ocean–atmosphere models 80
excess 489, 490
concentration distribution 503–511
net flux 490–491
preformed-CO 2 methods 503–505,
503, 506
see also Anthropogenic (Excess)
CO 2
interhemispheric gradients 493–495,
494
JGOFS/WOCE global survey 489,
495–520
certified reference materials 499
data collection/distribution 498
data quality assurance 498–503
goals 496
implementation 496–498
measurable parameters 497, 498
measurement methods 497, 498, 499
planning 495–496
sampling lines 496, 497
shore-based analyses 499–501, 500
synthesis of data 503–520
ocean uptake 16, 489, 490, 491–492
modelling 492–495
pre-WOCE global data 497
sinks 489, 490, 491, 492, 493, 495
ocean function 7, 8, 11, 16
storage 490, 491
global estimates 492
regional estimates 492–493, 493
Carbon Dioxide Information and
Analysis Center see CDIAC
Carbon tetrachloride tracer studies
see CCl 4 tracer studies
Carbon transport 24, 51, 52
Atlantic Ocean 514–518, 516, 517
methods 514–515
atmosphere–ocean net flux 518–520,
519
riverine inputs 515, 518
within-ocean 513–520
see also Anthropogenic (Excess) CO 2 ;
Carbon cycle; CDIAC
CBDW (Canadian Basin Deep Water)
571
CCCO (Committee on Climate Changes
and the Oceans) 3
WOCE planning 33–36, 39
CCl 4 (carbon tetrachloride) tracer studies
431
Atlantic Ocean 507
CDIAC (Carbon Dioxide Information
and Analysis Center) 498
see also Carbon cycle
CDW (Circumpolar Deep Water) 260,
261, 262, 265, 294, 295, 296,
339, 438
circulation 22
tracer studies 444, 445, 446
Central Water see SACW (South Atlantic
Central Water)
Certified reference materials see CRMs
CFC (chlorofluorocarbon) tracer studies
431, 592
AABW (Antarctic Bottom Water) 297
formation rate 296
AAIW (Antarctic Intermediate Water)
293
renewal in Atlantic Ocean 438–440,
439, 440, 441
Adélie Land Bottom Water 296
Atlantic Ocean
deep thermohaline circulation
435–438
equatorial 227, 230
coupled ocean–atmosphere models 90,
93
Indonesian Seas interocean exchange
450, 451
Southern Ocean deep water formation
446–448
thermohaline circulation modelling
75
WHP one-time survey 105
CFC-11 431, 432, 436, 439, 447
CFC-12 431, 436
CFC-113 431
Challenger expedition 378, 585
drifters/drifting buoys 193, 194
Charlie–Gibbs Fracture Zone 402,
403–404, 408, 409, 410
INDEX
695
sensible heat 178–179
short-wave radiation 178
SST decadal variation 366
surface flux 12–17
time-scale 4
water exchange/surface salinity 15
water mass transformation 317
wind stress, scatterometers 174,
175–177, 176
WOCE Data System 188
Atmospheric Infrared Sounder see AIRS
Atmospheric Model Intercomparison
Project see AMIP
Atmospheric pressure measurements,
drifters 195, 197, 204
Autonomous LAgrangian Circulation
Explorer floats see ALACE floats
AXBT (Air-dropped Expendable Bathy
Thermograph) 157
Azores Current 71, 210
Baffin Island Current 390
Barometric pressure data 120
Bathymetry 22, 40, 188
Benguela Current 21
altimetric transport estimation 166
interocean exchange transport
310–311, 313
Bering Strait 401, 460
carbon transport 514, 515
interocean exchange 305, 306–307,
313, 314
freshwater flux 484, 485, 486
Beta 151, 153, 154, 237, 286, 287
plane 289
spiral 123, 251
topographic 290–291
Biogeochemical cycles 83
Bottle samples see Sample
measurements
Bottom frictional processes 259
Bottom pressure gauges 49
Bottom water masses
formation 259
Pacific Ocean circulation tracer studies
444–446, 446
Boundary conditions 83, 340
Boundary currents 18–21, 20
Global Drifter Programme data
197–198
heat flux 5
WHP data collection 105
wind-driven modelling studies 67, 68
Boundary layer 80, 82
bottom 90, 350
surface 80, 81
Boundary mixing 340
Boussinesq approximation 318, 550
Bowen-ratio 178
Box inverse models 527, 528
Brazil Basin
AABW (Antarctic Bottom Water) 265
moored current meter arrays 265
tracer experiments 352, 353
Brazil Basin Experiment 49, 52, 133, 211,
529
see also DBE (Deep Basin Experiment)
Brazil Current 19, 303, 376, 527
SST (sea surface temperature) 322
Bulk formula estimates 326–328,
456–458, 473
Cabbeling 320
CAGE 34
California Current 19, 21, 164, 165, 377
Canadian Basin Deep Water see CBDW
Canary Current 19, 201, 377
Cape Farewell 411, 415, 416
Cape of Good Hope Experiment
see KAPEX
Carbon budget 489–495
predominant carbon species 490
Carbon cycle 16
carbon (
14
C) tracer studies 432
Pacific Ocean deep/bottom water
circulation 444–446, 446
WHP one-time survey standards 103
meridional carbon transport 513
ocean CO 2 storage 491
ocean models 8
see also Anthropogenic (Excess) CO 2 ;
Coulometric TCO 2 measurement;
CRMs
Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) 101, 105
atmosphere–ocean exchanges 16
limiting factors 16
modelling 60–61
seasonal 11–12
atmospheric measurements 489
coupled ocean–atmosphere models 80
excess 489, 490
concentration distribution 503–511
net flux 490–491
preformed-CO 2 methods 503–505,
503, 506
see also Anthropogenic (Excess)
CO 2
interhemispheric gradients 493–495,
494
JGOFS/WOCE global survey 489,
495–520
certified reference materials 499
data collection/distribution 498
data quality assurance 498–503
goals 496
implementation 496–498
measurable parameters 497, 498
measurement methods 497, 498, 499
planning 495–496
sampling lines 496, 497
shore-based analyses 499–501, 500
synthesis of data 503–520
ocean uptake 16, 489, 490, 491–492
modelling 492–495
pre-WOCE global data 497
sinks 489, 490, 491, 492, 493, 495
ocean function 7, 8, 11, 16
storage 490, 491
global estimates 492
regional estimates 492–493, 493
Carbon Dioxide Information and
Analysis Center see CDIAC
Carbon tetrachloride tracer studies
see CCl 4 tracer studies
Carbon transport 24, 51, 52
Atlantic Ocean 514–518, 516, 517
methods 514–515
atmosphere–ocean net flux 518–520,
519
riverine inputs 515, 518
within-ocean 513–520
see also Anthropogenic (Excess) CO 2 ;
Carbon cycle; CDIAC
CBDW (Canadian Basin Deep Water)
571
CCCO (Committee on Climate Changes
and the Oceans) 3
WOCE planning 33–36, 39
CCl 4 (carbon tetrachloride) tracer studies
431
Atlantic Ocean 507
CDIAC (Carbon Dioxide Information
and Analysis Center) 498
see also Carbon cycle
CDW (Circumpolar Deep Water) 260,
261, 262, 265, 294, 295, 296,
339, 438
circulation 22
tracer studies 444, 445, 446
Central Water see SACW (South Atlantic
Central Water)
Certified reference materials see CRMs
CFC (chlorofluorocarbon) tracer studies
431, 592
AABW (Antarctic Bottom Water) 297
formation rate 296
AAIW (Antarctic Intermediate Water)
293
renewal in Atlantic Ocean 438–440,
439, 440, 441
Adélie Land Bottom Water 296
Atlantic Ocean
deep thermohaline circulation
435–438
equatorial 227, 230
coupled ocean–atmosphere models 90,
93
Indonesian Seas interocean exchange
450, 451
Southern Ocean deep water formation
446–448
thermohaline circulation modelling
75
WHP one-time survey 105
CFC-11 431, 432, 436, 439, 447
CFC-12 431, 436
CFC-113 431
Challenger expedition 378, 585
drifters/drifting buoys 193, 194
Charlie–Gibbs Fracture Zone 402,
403–404, 408, 409, 410
INDEX
695