ALACE (Autonomous LAgrangian
Circulation Explorer) see Floats
WOCE float programme 126, 126,
127, 130, 131, 132, 136, 138
Altimetry 5, 12, 51, 56, 141–172, 470,
473, 530, 590
ACC (Antarctic Circumpolar Current)
280
accuracy 141, 142–143
tide gauge data comparison 142,
142, 161
current transport estimates 165–167
eddies
diffusion coefficients 169, 169
energy variation 169–170, 170,
201
mean flow interaction 167–168
spatial/temporal scales 168–169
geostrophic velocity variability
163–165, 164
Global Drifter Programme 201
sampling biases 198
global sea surface height variability
162–163, 163
heat storage estimates 149, 150–151
measurement geometry 141–142,
142
ocean state estimation 538, 539,
542
ocean topography estimates 144–147,
146
sea-ice thickness 7
sea-level variability 8, 28, 142–143,
148–162
annual variation 158–159, 530
atmospheric pressure forcing
148–149
extratropical Rossby waves
153–155, 154
global mean-sea-level change
160–162, 161
interannual variability 159–160
steric effect 149–151
subsurface variability relation 155,
157–158
tropical Rossby/Kelvin waves 155,
156
wind-forced 151–153
tide signals removal 143
WOCE Data system 188, 526
WOCE planning 35, 37
AMI (Advanced Microwave Instrument)
175, 176, 177
AMIP (Atmospheric Model
Intercomparison Project) 477, 487,
555
Amirante Passage 244, 266
AMS (Accelerator Mass Spectrometer)
radiocarbon measurements 103
WOCE tracer programme 433
AMSR (Advanced Microwave Sounding
Radiometer) 180
AMSU (Advanced Microwave Sounding
Unit) 180
Analytical theory for oceanic circulation
47, 49
Antarctic
ozone hole 6
sea-ice thickness 7
Antarctic Bottom Water see AABW
Antarctic Circumpolar Current see ACC
Antarctic Circumpolar Wave see ACW
Antarctic Intermediate Water see AAIW
Anthropogenic (Excess) CO 2 489, 490,
495, 503, 504, 507, 511, 515, 519
carbon budget 490, 491
climate change 7–8, 26, 79
concentration distribution 503–511
Atlantic Ocean 505–509, 506, 508
Indian Ocean 509–510, 509
Pacific Ocean 510–511
preformed-CO 2 methods 503–505,
503
coupled ocean–atmosphere models 93
sea-level rise 8
time series comparison methods
511–513, 512
data selection/correction approach
512–513
multivariate approach 511–512
within-ocean transport 513
Antilles Current 264
AO (Arctic Oscillation) 23, 25, 530, 531,
560, 572
coupled ocean–atmosphere models 92
AODW (Arctic Ocean Deep Water) 569
APEX see Floats
Arabian Sea 322
Arctic Climate System Study see ACSYS
Arctic Ocean
deep convection 7
freshwater budget 306
surface layer salinity 23
transfer to North Atlantic from
North Pacific 23
multiyear sea ice 6–7
system-wide changes during WOCE
years 571–573
Arctic Ocean Deep Water see AODW
Arctic Oscillation see AO
Argentine Basin, CFC tracer studies 436
Argo programme 57, 137, 138, 158, 171,
173, 534, 591, 599, 600
see also Floats, subsurface
ARGOS satellite location system 32, 194,
196
Aries expedition 31, 32, 270
Arlindo programme 308, 309, 449–450
ASUKA (Affiliated Surveys of the
Kuroshio off Cape Ashizuri) 471,
574, 575
Atlantic Circulation and Climate Change
Experiment see ACCE
Atlantic Climate Change Program
see ACCP
Atlantic dipole 25, 530
Atlantic Ocean
box inverse models 528
carbon transport 514–518, 516, 517
deep circulation
convection 6
thermohaline circulation tracer
studies 435–438, 437
DWBCs (Deep Western Boundary
Currents) 260, 262–265
eddy energy distribution 201
Ekman velocity estimation 119–120
equatorial circulation 226–233, 245
below 1000m 230–232, 231
meridional heat/freshwater
transports 232–233
upper 1000m 227–229, 228
upper ocean near South America
229–230
excess CO 2 concentration
distribution 505–509, 506, 508
freshwater flux
estimates 484, 485, 486
ice sheet input 6
heat flux
direct estimates 460–462, 461, 462
intermediate waters interdecadal
temperature variability 565–567
meridional temperature gradient
variability 25
meridional overturning circulation
312
northern overflows 401–417
surface water mass transformation
rates 332, 332, 333, 334
thermal equator 5
tropical–extratropical exchanges 256
velocity data sets 534
WHP
one-time sampling 110
repeat hydrography 106
see also North Altantic Ocean;
South Atlantic Ocean
Atlases of WOCE data 108, 532–535
Atmosphere
atmospheric models 80
carbon dioxide (CO 2 )
measurements 489
circulation during WOCE 558,
558–563, 582
North Atlantic 559–561, 560
North Pacific 561–562
southern hemisphere 562–563, 582
tropical Pacific 562
coupled ocean–atmosphere models
80–81
sub-grid-scale processes 80
Atmosphere–ocean interactions 3, 5–6,
54
bulk formula estimates 456–458
bulk parameterization 173–174
CO 2 transfer 7, 8, 11, 16, 60–61,
80
data sets 534–535
heat flux 5–6, 14–15, 455, 459
latent 15, 177–178
momentum transfer 13–14
net long-wave radiation 178–179
ocean circulation 17
particle exchanges 15–16
satellite data 173–180
sea ice cover effects 7, 16–17
INDEX
694
Circulation Explorer) see Floats
WOCE float programme 126, 126,
127, 130, 131, 132, 136, 138
Altimetry 5, 12, 51, 56, 141–172, 470,
473, 530, 590
ACC (Antarctic Circumpolar Current)
280
accuracy 141, 142–143
tide gauge data comparison 142,
142, 161
current transport estimates 165–167
eddies
diffusion coefficients 169, 169
energy variation 169–170, 170,
201
mean flow interaction 167–168
spatial/temporal scales 168–169
geostrophic velocity variability
163–165, 164
Global Drifter Programme 201
sampling biases 198
global sea surface height variability
162–163, 163
heat storage estimates 149, 150–151
measurement geometry 141–142,
142
ocean state estimation 538, 539,
542
ocean topography estimates 144–147,
146
sea-ice thickness 7
sea-level variability 8, 28, 142–143,
148–162
annual variation 158–159, 530
atmospheric pressure forcing
148–149
extratropical Rossby waves
153–155, 154
global mean-sea-level change
160–162, 161
interannual variability 159–160
steric effect 149–151
subsurface variability relation 155,
157–158
tropical Rossby/Kelvin waves 155,
156
wind-forced 151–153
tide signals removal 143
WOCE Data system 188, 526
WOCE planning 35, 37
AMI (Advanced Microwave Instrument)
175, 176, 177
AMIP (Atmospheric Model
Intercomparison Project) 477, 487,
555
Amirante Passage 244, 266
AMS (Accelerator Mass Spectrometer)
radiocarbon measurements 103
WOCE tracer programme 433
AMSR (Advanced Microwave Sounding
Radiometer) 180
AMSU (Advanced Microwave Sounding
Unit) 180
Analytical theory for oceanic circulation
47, 49
Antarctic
ozone hole 6
sea-ice thickness 7
Antarctic Bottom Water see AABW
Antarctic Circumpolar Current see ACC
Antarctic Circumpolar Wave see ACW
Antarctic Intermediate Water see AAIW
Anthropogenic (Excess) CO 2 489, 490,
495, 503, 504, 507, 511, 515, 519
carbon budget 490, 491
climate change 7–8, 26, 79
concentration distribution 503–511
Atlantic Ocean 505–509, 506, 508
Indian Ocean 509–510, 509
Pacific Ocean 510–511
preformed-CO 2 methods 503–505,
503
coupled ocean–atmosphere models 93
sea-level rise 8
time series comparison methods
511–513, 512
data selection/correction approach
512–513
multivariate approach 511–512
within-ocean transport 513
Antilles Current 264
AO (Arctic Oscillation) 23, 25, 530, 531,
560, 572
coupled ocean–atmosphere models 92
AODW (Arctic Ocean Deep Water) 569
APEX see Floats
Arabian Sea 322
Arctic Climate System Study see ACSYS
Arctic Ocean
deep convection 7
freshwater budget 306
surface layer salinity 23
transfer to North Atlantic from
North Pacific 23
multiyear sea ice 6–7
system-wide changes during WOCE
years 571–573
Arctic Ocean Deep Water see AODW
Arctic Oscillation see AO
Argentine Basin, CFC tracer studies 436
Argo programme 57, 137, 138, 158, 171,
173, 534, 591, 599, 600
see also Floats, subsurface
ARGOS satellite location system 32, 194,
196
Aries expedition 31, 32, 270
Arlindo programme 308, 309, 449–450
ASUKA (Affiliated Surveys of the
Kuroshio off Cape Ashizuri) 471,
574, 575
Atlantic Circulation and Climate Change
Experiment see ACCE
Atlantic Climate Change Program
see ACCP
Atlantic dipole 25, 530
Atlantic Ocean
box inverse models 528
carbon transport 514–518, 516, 517
deep circulation
convection 6
thermohaline circulation tracer
studies 435–438, 437
DWBCs (Deep Western Boundary
Currents) 260, 262–265
eddy energy distribution 201
Ekman velocity estimation 119–120
equatorial circulation 226–233, 245
below 1000m 230–232, 231
meridional heat/freshwater
transports 232–233
upper 1000m 227–229, 228
upper ocean near South America
229–230
excess CO 2 concentration
distribution 505–509, 506, 508
freshwater flux
estimates 484, 485, 486
ice sheet input 6
heat flux
direct estimates 460–462, 461, 462
intermediate waters interdecadal
temperature variability 565–567
meridional temperature gradient
variability 25
meridional overturning circulation
312
northern overflows 401–417
surface water mass transformation
rates 332, 332, 333, 334
thermal equator 5
tropical–extratropical exchanges 256
velocity data sets 534
WHP
one-time sampling 110
repeat hydrography 106
see also North Altantic Ocean;
South Atlantic Ocean
Atlases of WOCE data 108, 532–535
Atmosphere
atmospheric models 80
carbon dioxide (CO 2 )
measurements 489
circulation during WOCE 558,
558–563, 582
North Atlantic 559–561, 560
North Pacific 561–562
southern hemisphere 562–563, 582
tropical Pacific 562
coupled ocean–atmosphere models
80–81
sub-grid-scale processes 80
Atmosphere–ocean interactions 3, 5–6,
54
bulk formula estimates 456–458
bulk parameterization 173–174
CO 2 transfer 7, 8, 11, 16, 60–61,
80
data sets 534–535
heat flux 5–6, 14–15, 455, 459
latent 15, 177–178
momentum transfer 13–14
net long-wave radiation 178–179
ocean circulation 17
particle exchanges 15–16
satellite data 173–180
sea ice cover effects 7, 16–17
INDEX
694