AABW (Antarctic Bottom Water) 227,
243, 260, 265, 294–296, 301,
305, 334, 460–461
CFC tracer studies 435, 436–437,
447–448
circulation 22
coupled ocean–atmosphere models 88,
89, 90
DBE (Deep Basin Experiment) 267,
268
formation 21, 265, 305
global overturning circulation 298
heat transport 468
NADW formation 262
see also CDW (Circumpolar Deep
Water)
AAIW (Antarctic Intermediate Water) 18,
227, 228, 230, 232, 253, 266,
267, 292–294, 294, 305, 312,
314, 376, 382, 383–384, 461,
528, 566–567
circulation 22
excess CO 2 levels 505
heat transport 468
large-scale freshening 576, 576,
577–580, 582
renewal in Atlantic Ocean, CFC
tracer studies 438–440, 439,
440, 441
WOCE float programme data 133
Absolute velocity 123
estimation 144
WOCE float programme
127–129
Abyssal circulation 211–213, 259, 260,
297
diapycnal mixing 339–340
see also Deep circulation
Abyssal regions
mixing 352–354, 355
abyssal currents 353
tracer studies 209
Brazil Basin experiment 352
time scale for penetration 51
ACC (Antarctic Circumpolar Current) 6,
17, 18, 22, 73, 119, 207, 209,
210, 211, 253, 271–302, 272,
376, 464, 470
Antarctic Slope Front 271
dynamics 280–291, 301
meridional circulation 282–285, 283,
284, 285, 339
Sverdrup balance 280–282, 301
see also Choke-points
eddies
energy 201
heat flux 279–280
mean flow interactions 168
transport modelling 82
interocean exchange 271, 301,
303–304, 305, 313, 314
Mediterranean Water 427
mixed layer fluxes 321
modelling 273
momentum fluxes 280
observations 274–280, 275, 276
Polar Front 271, 274
SAF (Subantarctic Front) 271, 274,
382, 383
SSD (sea surface density) gradients 326
SSS (sea surface salinity) gradients 324
SST (sea surface temperature) gradients
322
tracer studies 432
transport 274–279, 278
altimetric estimation 167
baroclinic mechanisms 288–290, 289
barotropic formstress mechanism
287–288
eddy flux 82, 285–287
NADW (North Atlantic Deep Water)
305
subtropical/subpolar exchanges 271
theoretical predictions 285–291
topographic steering 290–291, 292
water mass formation/conversion
291–296
WOCE float programme 128, 131
WOCE planning 38
ACCE (Atlantic Circulation and Climate
Change Experiment) 131
Accelerator Mass Spectrometer see AMS
ACCP (Atlantic Climate Change
Program) 38
Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers see
ADCPs
ACSYS (Arctic Climate System Study) 7
ACW (Antarctic Circumpolar Wave) 92,
160, 279, 313, 530
ADCPs (Acoustic Doppler Current
Profilers) 111–112, 121, 470, 471,
473, 526, 534
ACC observations 277
accuracy 111, 113, 118
data management 40, 181
deep convection studies 392
depth-averaged water velocity
111–112
geostrophic profile reference velocities
119
Global Positioning System (GPS) 111,
112–113
heading uncertainty 113–114
Indonesian Throughflow observations
309
interior circulation studies 208
lowered ADCP profiling see LADCPs
Mediterranean Water outflow
observations 423
northern overflow observations 407
principle of operation 111
shipboard observations
applications 117–120
evolution of systems 112–115
tropical Indian Ocean zonal flows 236,
239
WOCE
Data system 188
Hydrographic Programme (WHP)
100, 112
planning 37
Adélie Land Bottom Water 295, 296, 447
ADEOS-2 179–180
Advanced Microwave Instrument
see AMI
Advanced Microwave Sounding
Radiometer see AMSR
Advanced Microwave Sounding Units
see AMSU
Aerosol 15, 80
Affiliated Surveys of the Kuroshio off
Cape Ashizuri see ASUKA
Age of water masses 431–452, 526
see also Tracer studies
Agulhas Current 19, 20, 118, 118,
208, 266, 293, 306, 310, 376,
464, 470
autonomous float programme 131
eddies 311–312
interannual variability 170
heat/freshwater fluxes 311–313
interocean exchange 305, 310–313
leakage 310, 311, 313
transport 22, 310–311
Air temperature, shipboard data
collection 120
Air-dropped Expendable Bathy
Thermograph see AXBT
Air–sea fluxes see Atmosphere–ocean
interactions
AIRS (Atmospheric Infrared Sounder)
179, 180
Index
Page numbers in bold refer to main discussions; those in italic refer to illustrations and tables.
243, 260, 265, 294–296, 301,
305, 334, 460–461
CFC tracer studies 435, 436–437,
447–448
circulation 22
coupled ocean–atmosphere models 88,
89, 90
DBE (Deep Basin Experiment) 267,
268
formation 21, 265, 305
global overturning circulation 298
heat transport 468
NADW formation 262
see also CDW (Circumpolar Deep
Water)
AAIW (Antarctic Intermediate Water) 18,
227, 228, 230, 232, 253, 266,
267, 292–294, 294, 305, 312,
314, 376, 382, 383–384, 461,
528, 566–567
circulation 22
excess CO 2 levels 505
heat transport 468
large-scale freshening 576, 576,
577–580, 582
renewal in Atlantic Ocean, CFC
tracer studies 438–440, 439,
440, 441
WOCE float programme data 133
Absolute velocity 123
estimation 144
WOCE float programme
127–129
Abyssal circulation 211–213, 259, 260,
297
diapycnal mixing 339–340
see also Deep circulation
Abyssal regions
mixing 352–354, 355
abyssal currents 353
tracer studies 209
Brazil Basin experiment 352
time scale for penetration 51
ACC (Antarctic Circumpolar Current) 6,
17, 18, 22, 73, 119, 207, 209,
210, 211, 253, 271–302, 272,
376, 464, 470
Antarctic Slope Front 271
dynamics 280–291, 301
meridional circulation 282–285, 283,
284, 285, 339
Sverdrup balance 280–282, 301
see also Choke-points
eddies
energy 201
heat flux 279–280
mean flow interactions 168
transport modelling 82
interocean exchange 271, 301,
303–304, 305, 313, 314
Mediterranean Water 427
mixed layer fluxes 321
modelling 273
momentum fluxes 280
observations 274–280, 275, 276
Polar Front 271, 274
SAF (Subantarctic Front) 271, 274,
382, 383
SSD (sea surface density) gradients 326
SSS (sea surface salinity) gradients 324
SST (sea surface temperature) gradients
322
tracer studies 432
transport 274–279, 278
altimetric estimation 167
baroclinic mechanisms 288–290, 289
barotropic formstress mechanism
287–288
eddy flux 82, 285–287
NADW (North Atlantic Deep Water)
305
subtropical/subpolar exchanges 271
theoretical predictions 285–291
topographic steering 290–291, 292
water mass formation/conversion
291–296
WOCE float programme 128, 131
WOCE planning 38
ACCE (Atlantic Circulation and Climate
Change Experiment) 131
Accelerator Mass Spectrometer see AMS
ACCP (Atlantic Climate Change
Program) 38
Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers see
ADCPs
ACSYS (Arctic Climate System Study) 7
ACW (Antarctic Circumpolar Wave) 92,
160, 279, 313, 530
ADCPs (Acoustic Doppler Current
Profilers) 111–112, 121, 470, 471,
473, 526, 534
ACC observations 277
accuracy 111, 113, 118
data management 40, 181
deep convection studies 392
depth-averaged water velocity
111–112
geostrophic profile reference velocities
119
Global Positioning System (GPS) 111,
112–113
heading uncertainty 113–114
Indonesian Throughflow observations
309
interior circulation studies 208
lowered ADCP profiling see LADCPs
Mediterranean Water outflow
observations 423
northern overflow observations 407
principle of operation 111
shipboard observations
applications 117–120
evolution of systems 112–115
tropical Indian Ocean zonal flows 236,
239
WOCE
Data system 188
Hydrographic Programme (WHP)
100, 112
planning 37
Adélie Land Bottom Water 295, 296, 447
ADEOS-2 179–180
Advanced Microwave Instrument
see AMI
Advanced Microwave Sounding
Radiometer see AMSR
Advanced Microwave Sounding Units
see AMSU
Aerosol 15, 80
Affiliated Surveys of the Kuroshio off
Cape Ashizuri see ASUKA
Age of water masses 431–452, 526
see also Tracer studies
Agulhas Current 19, 20, 118, 118,
208, 266, 293, 306, 310, 376,
464, 470
autonomous float programme 131
eddies 311–312
interannual variability 170
heat/freshwater fluxes 311–313
interocean exchange 305, 310–313
leakage 310, 311, 313
transport 22, 310–311
Air temperature, shipboard data
collection 120
Air-dropped Expendable Bathy
Thermograph see AXBT
Air–sea fluxes see Atmosphere–ocean
interactions
AIRS (Atmospheric Infrared Sounder)
179, 180
Index
Page numbers in bold refer to main discussions; those in italic refer to illustrations and tables.