2.2
High-Resolution Modelling of the Thermohaline and Wind-Driven Circulation
59
ClausW. Böning and Albert J. Semtner
2.2.1 The improving realism of ocean models
59
2.2.2 Historical perspective
60
2.2.3 Basic model design considerations: equilibrium versus non-equilibrium solutions
62
2.2.4 Examples of model behaviour in different dynamical regimes
64
2.2.5 Concluding remarks
77
2.3
Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Models
79
Richard A. Wood and Frank O. Bryan
2.3.1 Why coupled models?
79
2.3.2 Formulation of coupled models
79
2.3.3 Model drift and flux adjustment
84
2.3.4 Initialization of coupled models
86
2.3.5 Coupled model simulation of present and past climates
87
2.3.6 Coupled model simulation of future climates
93
2.3.7 Climate models, WOCE and future observations
94
2.3.8 Summary and future developments
95
Section 3: New Ways of Observing the Ocean
Section 3 plates appear between pages 172 and 173
3.1
Shipboard Observations during WOCE
99
B. A. King, E. Firing and T. M. Joyce
3.1.1 The role of hydrographic measurements
99
3.1.2 CTD and sample measurements
102
3.1.3 Current measurements in the shipboard hydrographic programme
111
3.1.4 Shipboard meteorology
120
3.1.5 Summary and conclusions
121
3.2
Subsurface Lagrangian Observations during the 1990s
123
Russ E. Davis and Walter Zenk
3.2.1 Determining currents in the ocean
123
3.2.2 Historical aspects: Stommel’s vision to the WOCE Float Programme
123
3.2.3 The WOCE Float Programme
127
3.2.4 WOCE float observations
129
3.2.5 The future
137
3.3
Ocean Circulation and Variability from Satellite Altimetry
141
Lee-Lueng Fu
3.3.1 Altimeter observations
141
3.3.2 The ocean general circulation
143
3.3.3 Large-scale sea-level variability
148
3.3.4 Currents and eddies
162
3.3.5 Concluding discussions
170
CONTENTS
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