Contents
Contributors
xiii
Foreword
xvii
Preface
xviii
Acknowledgment
xx
Section 1: The Ocean and Climate
Section 1 plates appear between pages 44 and 45
1.1
Climate and Oceans
3
Hartmut Grassl
1.1.1 WOCE and the World Climate Research Programme
3
1.1.2 The scientific approach to the complex climate system
4
1.1.3 Ocean–atmosphere interaction and climate
5
1.1.4 Rapid changes related to the oceans
6
1.1.5 Cryosphere and the oceans
7
1.1.6 Anthropogenic climate change and the oceans
7
1.1.7 Future climate research and ocean observing systems
8
1.2
Ocean Processes and Climate Phenomena
11
Allyn Clarke, John Church and John Gould
1.2.1 A global perspective
11
1.2.2 Air–sea fluxes
12
1.2.3 Ocean storage of heat and fresh water
17
1.2.4 Ocean circulation
17
1.2.5 Ocean transport of heat, fresh water and carbon
23
1.2.6 Climatic and oceanic variability
24
1.2.7 Impacts of ocean climate
27
1.2.8 Conclusion
30
1.3
The Origins, Development and Conduct of WOCE
31
B. J. Thompson, J. Crease and John Gould
1.3.1 Introduction
31
1.3.2 Large-scale oceanography in the 1960s and 1970s
31
1.3.3 Ocean research and climate
32
1.3.4 Implementation of WOCE (SSG initiatives)
36
1.3.5 Implementation and oversight
41
1.3.6 Was WOCE a success and what is its legacy?
43
Section 2: Observations and Models
Section 2 plates appear between pages 76 and 77
2.1
Global Problems and Global Observations
47
Carl Wunsch
2.1.1 Different views of the ocean
47
2.1.2 The origins of WOCE
48
2.1.3 What do we know?
51
2.1.4 The need for global-scale observations
52
2.1.5 Where do we go from here?
56