Sprintall, J., J. Chong, F. Syamsudin et al., 1999:
Dynamics of the South Java Current in the IndoAustralian Basin. Geophys. Res. Lett. 26, 2493–
2496. [4.3]
Sprintall, J., A. Gordon, R. Murtugudde and
R. D. Susanto, 2000: A semi-annual equatorial
western Indian Ocean forced Kelvin wave
observed in the Indonesian Seas in May 1997.
J. Geophys. Res. 105, 17217–17230. [4.7]
St Laurent, L. C., 1999: Diapycnal advection by double diffusion and turbulence in the ocean. Ph.D.
Thesis, MIT-WHOI Joint Program in Physical
Oceanography, 139 pp. [4.5, 5.2]
St Laurent, L. and R. W. Schmitt, 1999: The contribution of salt fingers to vertical mixing in the
North Atlantic Tracer Release Experiment.
J. Phys. Oceanogr. 29, 1404–1424. [5.2]
St Laurent, L. C., J. M. Toole, R. W. Schmitt
and K. L. Polzin, 2000: Buoyancy forcing by
turbulence above rough topography in the
abyssal Brazil Basin. J. Phys. Oceanogr. (submitted). [5.2]
Stahr, F. R. and T. B. Sanford, 1999: Transport and
bottom boundary layer observations of the North
Atlantic Deep Western Boundary Current at the
Blake Outer Ridge. Deep-Sea Res. 46, 205–243.
[5.2, 5.6]
Stammer, D., 1997a: Steric and wind-induced
changes in TOPEX/POSEIDON large-scale sea
surface topography observations. J. Geophys. Res.
102, 20987–21009. [2.2, 3.3]
Stammer, D., 1997b: Global characteristics of ocean
variability estimated from regional TOPEX/
POSEIDON altimeter measurements. J. Phys.
Oceanogr. 27, 1743–1769. [3.3, 6.2]
Stammer, D., 1998: On eddy characteristics, eddy
transports, and mean flow properties. J. Phys.
Oceanogr. 28, 727–739. [3.3, 6.2]
Stammer, D. and C. Dieterich, 1999: Space-borne
measurements of the time-dependent geostrophic
ocean flow field. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. 16,
1198–1207. [3.3]
Stammer, D. and C. Wunsch, 1999: Temporal
changes in eddy energy of the oceans. Deep-Sea
Res. II 46, 77–108. [3.3, 7.1]
Stammer, D., R. Tokmakian, A. Semtner and
C. Wunsch, 1996: How well does a 1/4° global
circulation model simulate large-scale oceanic
observations. J. Geophys. Res. 101, 25779–
25811. [2.1, 2.2, 3.3, 7.1]
Stammer, D., C. Wunsch, R. Giering et al., 1997: The
Global Ocean Circulation Estimated from
TOPEX/POSEIDON Altimetry and the MIT
General Circulation Model. MIT Press, Cambridge,
MA, Report No. 49, 40 pp. [3.3, 7.1]
Stammer, D., C. W. Böning and C. Dieterich, 2000a:
The role of variable wind forcing in generating
eddy energy in the North Atlantic. Prog.
Oceanogr. (in press). [2.2]
Stammer, D., C. Wunsch, R. Giering et al., 2000b:
The global ocean circulation and transports during 1992–1997, estimated from ocean observations and a general circulation model. (in
preparation). [7.1]
Stammer, D., C. Wunsch and R. M. Ponte, 2000c:
De-aliasing of global high frequency barotropic
motions in altimeter observations. Geophys. Res.
Lett. 27, 1175–1178. [3.3]
Steele, M. and T. Boyd, 1998: Retreat of the cold
halocline layer in the Arctic Ocean. J. Geophys.
Res. 103, 10419–10435. [7.3]
Stephens, G. L., G. C. Campbell and T. H. Vonder
Haar, 1981: Earth radiation budgets. J. Geophys.
Res. 86, 9739–9760. [6.1]
Stephens, J. C. and D. P. Marshall, 1999: Dynamics
of the Mediterranean Salinity Tongue. J. Phys.
Oceanogr. 29, 1425–1441. [5.7]
Stephens M., Z. Liu and H. Yang, 2000: On the evolution of subduction planetary waves with application to Pacific decadal thermocline variability.
J. Phys. Oceanogr. (in press). [4.4]
Stern, M. E., 1967: Lateral mixing of water masses.
Deep-Sea Res. 14, 747–753. [5.2]
Stevens, D. P. and V. O. Ivchenko, 1997: The
zonal momentum balance in an eddy-resolving
general-circulation model of the Southern Ocean.
Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. 123, 929–951. [4.2,
4.6]
Stockdale, T. N., D. L . T. Anderson, J. O . S. Alves
and M. A. Balmaseda, 1998: Global seasonal rainfall forecasts using a coupled ocean–atmosphere
model. Nature 392, 370–373. [2.3, 7.4]
Stocker, T. F. and A. Schmittner, 1997: Influence of
CO 2 emission rates on the stability of the thermohaline circulation. Nature 388, 862–865. [2.3]
Stocker, T. F., W. S. Broecker and D. G. Wright,
1994: Carbon uptake experiments with a zonallyaveraged ocean circulation model. Tellus 46B,
103–122. [6.3]
Stockton, C. W. and M. F. Glueck, 1999: Long-term
variability of the North Atlantic Oscillation
(NAO). Ann. Mtg, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 4 pp. [7.3]
Stoffelen, A. and D. Anderson, 1997: Scatterometer
data interpretation: Estimation and validation of
the transfer function CMOD4. J. Geophys. Res.
102, 5767–5780. [3.4]
Stoll, M. H . C., H. M. van Aken, H. J . W. deBaar and
C. J. deBoer, 1996: Meridional carbon dioxide
transport in the northern North Atlantic. Mar.
Chem. 55, 205–216. [6.3]
REFERENCES
669
Dynamics of the South Java Current in the IndoAustralian Basin. Geophys. Res. Lett. 26, 2493–
2496. [4.3]
Sprintall, J., A. Gordon, R. Murtugudde and
R. D. Susanto, 2000: A semi-annual equatorial
western Indian Ocean forced Kelvin wave
observed in the Indonesian Seas in May 1997.
J. Geophys. Res. 105, 17217–17230. [4.7]
St Laurent, L. C., 1999: Diapycnal advection by double diffusion and turbulence in the ocean. Ph.D.
Thesis, MIT-WHOI Joint Program in Physical
Oceanography, 139 pp. [4.5, 5.2]
St Laurent, L. and R. W. Schmitt, 1999: The contribution of salt fingers to vertical mixing in the
North Atlantic Tracer Release Experiment.
J. Phys. Oceanogr. 29, 1404–1424. [5.2]
St Laurent, L. C., J. M. Toole, R. W. Schmitt
and K. L. Polzin, 2000: Buoyancy forcing by
turbulence above rough topography in the
abyssal Brazil Basin. J. Phys. Oceanogr. (submitted). [5.2]
Stahr, F. R. and T. B. Sanford, 1999: Transport and
bottom boundary layer observations of the North
Atlantic Deep Western Boundary Current at the
Blake Outer Ridge. Deep-Sea Res. 46, 205–243.
[5.2, 5.6]
Stammer, D., 1997a: Steric and wind-induced
changes in TOPEX/POSEIDON large-scale sea
surface topography observations. J. Geophys. Res.
102, 20987–21009. [2.2, 3.3]
Stammer, D., 1997b: Global characteristics of ocean
variability estimated from regional TOPEX/
POSEIDON altimeter measurements. J. Phys.
Oceanogr. 27, 1743–1769. [3.3, 6.2]
Stammer, D., 1998: On eddy characteristics, eddy
transports, and mean flow properties. J. Phys.
Oceanogr. 28, 727–739. [3.3, 6.2]
Stammer, D. and C. Dieterich, 1999: Space-borne
measurements of the time-dependent geostrophic
ocean flow field. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. 16,
1198–1207. [3.3]
Stammer, D. and C. Wunsch, 1999: Temporal
changes in eddy energy of the oceans. Deep-Sea
Res. II 46, 77–108. [3.3, 7.1]
Stammer, D., R. Tokmakian, A. Semtner and
C. Wunsch, 1996: How well does a 1/4° global
circulation model simulate large-scale oceanic
observations. J. Geophys. Res. 101, 25779–
25811. [2.1, 2.2, 3.3, 7.1]
Stammer, D., C. Wunsch, R. Giering et al., 1997: The
Global Ocean Circulation Estimated from
TOPEX/POSEIDON Altimetry and the MIT
General Circulation Model. MIT Press, Cambridge,
MA, Report No. 49, 40 pp. [3.3, 7.1]
Stammer, D., C. W. Böning and C. Dieterich, 2000a:
The role of variable wind forcing in generating
eddy energy in the North Atlantic. Prog.
Oceanogr. (in press). [2.2]
Stammer, D., C. Wunsch, R. Giering et al., 2000b:
The global ocean circulation and transports during 1992–1997, estimated from ocean observations and a general circulation model. (in
preparation). [7.1]
Stammer, D., C. Wunsch and R. M. Ponte, 2000c:
De-aliasing of global high frequency barotropic
motions in altimeter observations. Geophys. Res.
Lett. 27, 1175–1178. [3.3]
Steele, M. and T. Boyd, 1998: Retreat of the cold
halocline layer in the Arctic Ocean. J. Geophys.
Res. 103, 10419–10435. [7.3]
Stephens, G. L., G. C. Campbell and T. H. Vonder
Haar, 1981: Earth radiation budgets. J. Geophys.
Res. 86, 9739–9760. [6.1]
Stephens, J. C. and D. P. Marshall, 1999: Dynamics
of the Mediterranean Salinity Tongue. J. Phys.
Oceanogr. 29, 1425–1441. [5.7]
Stephens M., Z. Liu and H. Yang, 2000: On the evolution of subduction planetary waves with application to Pacific decadal thermocline variability.
J. Phys. Oceanogr. (in press). [4.4]
Stern, M. E., 1967: Lateral mixing of water masses.
Deep-Sea Res. 14, 747–753. [5.2]
Stevens, D. P. and V. O. Ivchenko, 1997: The
zonal momentum balance in an eddy-resolving
general-circulation model of the Southern Ocean.
Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. 123, 929–951. [4.2,
4.6]
Stockdale, T. N., D. L . T. Anderson, J. O . S. Alves
and M. A. Balmaseda, 1998: Global seasonal rainfall forecasts using a coupled ocean–atmosphere
model. Nature 392, 370–373. [2.3, 7.4]
Stocker, T. F. and A. Schmittner, 1997: Influence of
CO 2 emission rates on the stability of the thermohaline circulation. Nature 388, 862–865. [2.3]
Stocker, T. F., W. S. Broecker and D. G. Wright,
1994: Carbon uptake experiments with a zonallyaveraged ocean circulation model. Tellus 46B,
103–122. [6.3]
Stockton, C. W. and M. F. Glueck, 1999: Long-term
variability of the North Atlantic Oscillation
(NAO). Ann. Mtg, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 4 pp. [7.3]
Stoffelen, A. and D. Anderson, 1997: Scatterometer
data interpretation: Estimation and validation of
the transfer function CMOD4. J. Geophys. Res.
102, 5767–5780. [3.4]
Stoll, M. H . C., H. M. van Aken, H. J . W. deBaar and
C. J. deBoer, 1996: Meridional carbon dioxide
transport in the northern North Atlantic. Mar.
Chem. 55, 205–216. [6.3]
REFERENCES
669