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Geophys. 16, 638–650. [3.3]
Lemke, P., W. D. Hibler, G. Flato, M. Harder and
M. Kreysher, 1997: On the improvement of sea–
ice models for climate simulations: The sea–ice
model intercomparison project. Ann. Glaciol. 25,
183–187. [1.1]
Lemoine, F. et al., 1998: The Development of the
Joint NASA GSFC and the National Imagery
and Mapping Agency (NIMA) Geopotential
Model EGM96. NASA/TP-1998-206861. NASA
Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt,
MD. [3.3]
Lentz, S. J. and J. H. Trowbridge, 1991: The bottom
boundary layer over the northern California shelf.
J. Phys. Oceanogr. 21, 1186–1201. [5.2]
Lenz, E., 1845: Bermerkungen bei die Temperatur
des Weltmeeres in verschiedenen Tiefen. Bull. de
la Classe Physico-Mathematique de l’Academie
Impériale des Sciences de Saint-Petersbourg 5,
67–74. [4.4]
Leuliette, E. W. and J. M. Wahr, 1999: Coupled pattern analysis of sea-surface temperature and
TOPEX/POSEIDON sea-surface height. J. Phys.
Oceanogr. 29, 599–611. [3.3]
Levis, S., J. A. Foley and D. Pollard, 1999: Potential
high-latitude vegetation feedbacks on CO 2 -induced
climate change. Geophys. Res. Lett. 26, 747–750.
[2.3]
Levitus, S., 1982: Climatological Atlas of the World
Ocean. NOAA Professional Paper 13, 173 pp.
[1.2, 2.2, 4.4, 5.7, 6.2, 7.1]
Levitus, S., 1989: Interpentadal variability of temperature and salinity at intermediate depths of
the North Atlantic Ocean, 1970–1974 versus
1955–1959. J. Geophys. Res. 94, 6091–6131.
[7.3]
Levitus, S. and T. P. Boyer, 1994a: Quality Control
and Processing of Historical Oceanographic
Temperature, Salinity, and Oxygen Data. NOAA
Technical Report 81, NESDIS X. [6.2]
Levitus, S. and T. P. Boyer, 1994b: World Ocean
Atlas 1994. Vol. 4, Temperature. NOAA Atlas
NESDIS 4; US Govt Printing Office, 117 pp. [2.3,
3.3, 4.1, 5.3, 6.1, 7.1, 7.3]
Levitus, S., R. Burgett and T. P. Boyer, 1994: World
Ocean Atlas 1994, Vol. 3: Salinity NOAA Atlas
NESDIS 3, Rep. US Govt Printing Office,
Washington, DC, 99 pp. [5.1, 7.1]
Levitus, S., J. I. Antonov, T. P. Boyer and
C. Stephens, 2000: Warming of the World Ocean.
Science 287, 2225–2229. [1.2, 5.1, 7.4]
Lewis, M. R., M. E. Carr, G. C. Feldman, W. Esaias
and C. McLain, 1990: Satellite estimates of the
influence of penetrating solar radiation on the
heat budget of the equatorial Pacific. Nature 347,
543–545. [4.3]
Li, X., Y. Chao, J. C. McWilliams and L.-L. Fu,
2000: A comparison of two vertical mixing
schemes in a Pacific Ocean General Circulation
Model. J. Climate (in press). [3.3]
Li, Z. and H. G. Leighton, 1993: Global climatologies of the solar radiation budgets at the surface and in the atmosphere from five years of
ERBE data. J. Geophys. Res. 98, 4919–4930.
[3.4]
Lien, R. C, D. A. Caldwell, M. C. Gregg and
J. N. Moum, 1995: Turbulence variability at the
equator in the central Pacific at the beginning of
the 1991–93 El Niño. J. Geophys. Res. 100,
6881–6898. [5.2]
Lilly, J. M. and P. B. Rhines, 2000: Coherent eddies
in the Labrador Sea observed from a mooring.
J. Phys. Oceanogr. (in press). [5.5]
Lilly, J., P. Rhines, M. Visbeck et al., 1999: Observing deep convection in the Labrador Sea during
winter 1994–1995. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 29, 2065–
2098. [5.5]
Lindstrom, E., R. Lukas, R. Fine et al., 1987: The
western Equatorial Pacific Ocean Circulation
Study. Nature 330, 533–537. [4.4]
Lindstrom, E., J. Butt, R. Lukas and S. Godfrey, 1990:
The flow through Vityaz Strait and St. George’s
Channel, Papua New Guinea. In: The Physical
Oceanography of Sea Straits, Kluwer Acad. Publ.,
Dordrecht, pp. 171–189. [4.3]
Liu, W. T., 1986: Statistical relation between monthly
precipitable water and surface-level humidity over
global oceans. Mon. Wea. Rev. 114, 1591–1602.
[3.4]
Liu, W. T., 1990: Remote sensing of surface turbulence flux. In: Surface Waves and Fluxes,
G. L. Geenaert and W. J. Plant (eds), Kluwer Acad.
Publ., Dordrecht, Vol. II, pp. 293–309. [3.4]
Liu, W. T. and C. Gautier, 1990: Thermal forcing on
the tropical Pacific from satellite data. J. Geophys.
Res. 95, 13209–13217. [3.4]
Liu, W. T. and W. G. Large, 1981: Determination
of surface stress by Seasat-SASS: A case study
with JASIN Data. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 11, 1603–
1611. [3.4]
Liu, W. T. and P. P. Niiler, 1984: Determination of
monthly mean humidity in the atmospheric surface layer over oceans from satellite data. J. Phys.
Oceanogr. 14, 1451–1457. [3.4]
Liu, W. T. and P. P. Niiler, 1990: The sensitivity of
latent heat flux to the air humidity approximations
used in ocean circulation models. J. Geophys. Res.
95, 9745–9753. [3.4]
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641