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Bulk parameterization of air–sea exchanges in
heat and water vapor including the molecular
constraints at the interface. J. Atmos. Sci. 36,
1722–1735. [3.4]
Liu, W. T., W. Tang and P. P. Niiler, 1991: Humidity
profiles over ocean. J. Climate 4, 1023–1034.
[3.4]
Liu, W. T., W. Tang and F. J. Wentz, 1992:
Precipitable water and surface humidity over global
oceans from SSM/I and ECMWF. J. Geophys. Res.
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Evaporation and solar irradiance as regulators of
the seasonal and interannual variabilities of sea
surface temperature. J. Geophys. Res. 99, 12623–
12637. [3.4]
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warming event in the Pacific may be an El Niño.
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of the tropical Pacific to wind forcing as observed
by spaceborne sensors and simulated by an ocean
general circulation model. J. Geophys. Res. 101,
16345–16359. [3.4]
Liu, W. T., W. Tang and P. S. Polito, 1998: NASA
scatterometer provides global ocean-surface wind
fields with more structures than numerical weather
prediction. Geophys. Res. Lett. 25, 761–764. [3.4]
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space-based microwave radiometer observations
to ocean surface evaporation. Proc. IGARSS ‘99,
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Liu, W. T., H. Hu and S. H. Yueh, 2000: Interplay
between wind and rain observed in Hurricane
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253, 257. [3.4]
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II: annual and decadal Ekman pumping. J. Phys.
Oceanogr. 23, 2523–2541. [4.4]
Liu, Z., 1994: A simple model of the mass exchange
between the subtropical and tropical ocean.
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tropical climatology to global warming: the
west/east sea surface temperature contrast.
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Liu, Z., 1999a: Planetary wave modes in thermocline
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Soc. 125, 1315–1339. [4.4]
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Liu, Z. and B. Huang, 1998: Why is there a tritium
maximum in the central equatorial Pacific thermocline? J. Phys. Oceanogr. 28, 1527–1533. [4.4]
Liu, Z. and S. G . H. Philander, 1995: How different wind patterns affect the tropical-subtropical
thermocline circulation in the upper ocean.
J. Phys. Oceanogr. 25, 449–462. [4.4]
Liu, Z. and S. Shin, 1999: On thermocline ventilation
of active and passive tracers. Geophys. Res. Lett.
26, 357–360. [4.4, 5.3]
Liu, Z. and R. Zhang, 1999: Propagation mechanisms of interdecadal upper ocean variability in
the North Pacific. Geophys. Res. Lett. 26, 739–
742. [5.3]
Liu, Z., S. G . H. Philander and R. Pacanowski, 1994:
A GCM study of tropical-subtropical upper ocean
mass exchange. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 24,
2606–2623. [4.3, 4.4]
Liu, Z., L. Wu and E. Bayler, 1999b: Rossby
wave–coastal Kelvin wave interaction. I: Low frequency adjustment in a closed basin. J. Phys.
Oceanogr. 29, 2383–2404. [4.4]
Loeng, H., V. Ozhigin and B. Adlandsvik, 1997:
Water fluxes through the Barents Sea. ICES.
J. Mar. Sci. 54, 310–317. [7.3]
Lohmann, G., R. Gerdes and D. Chen, 1995:
Sensitivity of the thermohaline circulation in a
coupled oceanic GCM – atmospheric EBM experiments. Climate Dyn. 12, 403–416. [7.2]
Lorenc, A. C., 1986: Analysis methods for numerical
weather prediction. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc.
112, 1177–1194. [7.1]
Loschnigg, J. and P. J. Webster, 2000: A coupled
ocean–atmosphere system of SST modulation for
the Indian Ocean. J. Climate 13, 3342–3360. [4.3]
Lozier, M. S., W. B. Owens and R. G. Curry, 1995:
The climatology of the North Atlantic. Prog.
Oceanogr. 36, 1–44. [5.7, 7.1]
Lu, P. and J. P. McCreary, 1995: Influence of the
ITCZ on the flow of the thermocline water from
the subtropical to the equatorial Pacific Ocean.
J. Phys. Oceanogr. 25, 3076–3088. [4.3, 4.4]
Lu, P., J. P. McCreary, Jr. and B. A. Klinger, 1998:
Meridional circulation cells and sources of the
Pacific Equatorial Undercurrent. J. Phys. Oceanogr.
28, 62–84. [4.3, 4.4]
Lueck, R. and T. Mudge, 1997: Topographicallyinduced mixing around a shallow seamount.
Science 276, 1831–1833. [5.2]
Lukas, R., 1986: The termination of the Equatorial
Undercurrent in the Eastern Pacific. Prog.
Oceanogr. 16, 63–90. [4.3]
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642
Wind. Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA,
JPL Pub. 96-17, 16 pp. [3.4]
Liu, W. T., K. B. Katsaros and J. A. Businger, 1979:
Bulk parameterization of air–sea exchanges in
heat and water vapor including the molecular
constraints at the interface. J. Atmos. Sci. 36,
1722–1735. [3.4]
Liu, W. T., W. Tang and P. P. Niiler, 1991: Humidity
profiles over ocean. J. Climate 4, 1023–1034.
[3.4]
Liu, W. T., W. Tang and F. J. Wentz, 1992:
Precipitable water and surface humidity over global
oceans from SSM/I and ECMWF. J. Geophys. Res.
97, 2251–2264. [3.4]
Liu, W. T., A. Zheng and J. Bishop, 1994:
Evaporation and solar irradiance as regulators of
the seasonal and interannual variabilities of sea
surface temperature. J. Geophys. Res. 99, 12623–
12637. [3.4]
Liu, W. T., W. Tang and L. L. Fu, 1995: Recent
warming event in the Pacific may be an El Niño.
Eos Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union 76(43), 429–
437. [3.4]
Liu, W. T., W. Tang and R. Atlas, 1996: Responses
of the tropical Pacific to wind forcing as observed
by spaceborne sensors and simulated by an ocean
general circulation model. J. Geophys. Res. 101,
16345–16359. [3.4]
Liu, W. T., W. Tang and P. S. Polito, 1998: NASA
scatterometer provides global ocean-surface wind
fields with more structures than numerical weather
prediction. Geophys. Res. Lett. 25, 761–764. [3.4]
Liu, W. T., L. Li and W. Tang, 1999: Sensitivity of
space-based microwave radiometer observations
to ocean surface evaporation. Proc. IGARSS ‘99,
IEEE. [3.4]
Liu, W. T., H. Hu and S. H. Yueh, 2000: Interplay
between wind and rain observed in Hurricane
Floyd. Eos Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union 81(23),
253, 257. [3.4]
Liu, Z., 1993: Thermocline forced by varying wind.
II: annual and decadal Ekman pumping. J. Phys.
Oceanogr. 23, 2523–2541. [4.4]
Liu, Z., 1994: A simple model of the mass exchange
between the subtropical and tropical ocean.
J. Phys. Oceanogr. 24, 1153–1165. [4.3, 4.4]
Liu, Z., 1998: The role of ocean in the response of
tropical climatology to global warming: the
west/east sea surface temperature contrast.
J. Climate 11, 864–875. [4.4]
Liu, Z., 1999a: Planetary wave modes in thermocline
circulation: Non-Doppler-shift mode, advective
mode and Green mode. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor.
Soc. 125, 1315–1339. [4.4]
Liu, Z., 1999b: Forced planetary wave response in
a thermocline gyre. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 29,
1036–1055. [4.4]
Liu, Z. and B. Huang, 1998: Why is there a tritium
maximum in the central equatorial Pacific thermocline? J. Phys. Oceanogr. 28, 1527–1533. [4.4]
Liu, Z. and S. G . H. Philander, 1995: How different wind patterns affect the tropical-subtropical
thermocline circulation in the upper ocean.
J. Phys. Oceanogr. 25, 449–462. [4.4]
Liu, Z. and S. Shin, 1999: On thermocline ventilation
of active and passive tracers. Geophys. Res. Lett.
26, 357–360. [4.4, 5.3]
Liu, Z. and R. Zhang, 1999: Propagation mechanisms of interdecadal upper ocean variability in
the North Pacific. Geophys. Res. Lett. 26, 739–
742. [5.3]
Liu, Z., S. G . H. Philander and R. Pacanowski, 1994:
A GCM study of tropical-subtropical upper ocean
mass exchange. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 24,
2606–2623. [4.3, 4.4]
Liu, Z., L. Wu and E. Bayler, 1999b: Rossby
wave–coastal Kelvin wave interaction. I: Low frequency adjustment in a closed basin. J. Phys.
Oceanogr. 29, 2383–2404. [4.4]
Loeng, H., V. Ozhigin and B. Adlandsvik, 1997:
Water fluxes through the Barents Sea. ICES.
J. Mar. Sci. 54, 310–317. [7.3]
Lohmann, G., R. Gerdes and D. Chen, 1995:
Sensitivity of the thermohaline circulation in a
coupled oceanic GCM – atmospheric EBM experiments. Climate Dyn. 12, 403–416. [7.2]
Lorenc, A. C., 1986: Analysis methods for numerical
weather prediction. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc.
112, 1177–1194. [7.1]
Loschnigg, J. and P. J. Webster, 2000: A coupled
ocean–atmosphere system of SST modulation for
the Indian Ocean. J. Climate 13, 3342–3360. [4.3]
Lozier, M. S., W. B. Owens and R. G. Curry, 1995:
The climatology of the North Atlantic. Prog.
Oceanogr. 36, 1–44. [5.7, 7.1]
Lu, P. and J. P. McCreary, 1995: Influence of the
ITCZ on the flow of the thermocline water from
the subtropical to the equatorial Pacific Ocean.
J. Phys. Oceanogr. 25, 3076–3088. [4.3, 4.4]
Lu, P., J. P. McCreary, Jr. and B. A. Klinger, 1998:
Meridional circulation cells and sources of the
Pacific Equatorial Undercurrent. J. Phys. Oceanogr.
28, 62–84. [4.3, 4.4]
Lueck, R. and T. Mudge, 1997: Topographicallyinduced mixing around a shallow seamount.
Science 276, 1831–1833. [5.2]
Lukas, R., 1986: The termination of the Equatorial
Undercurrent in the Eastern Pacific. Prog.
Oceanogr. 16, 63–90. [4.3]
REFERENCES
642