(eds), Kluwer Acad. Publ., Dordrecht, pp. 135–
154. [5.2]
Beckmann, A. and R. Döscher, 1997: A method for
improved representation of dense water spreading
over topography in geopotential-coordinate models. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 27, 581–591. [2.2, 2.3, 5.6]
Beckmann, A. and D. B. Haidvogel, 1993: Numerical
simulation of flow around a tall isolated seamount.
Part I: Problem formulation and model accuracy.
J. Phys. Oceanogr. 23, 1736–1753. [7.2]
Beckmann, A., C. W. Böning, B. Brügge and
D. Stammer, 1994a: On the generation and role of
eddy variability in the central North Atlantic ocean.
J. Geophys. Res. 99, 20381–20391. [2.2, 3.3]
Beckmann, A., C. W. Böning, C. Köberle and
J. Willebrand, 1994b: Effects of increased horizontal resolution in a simulation of the North Atlantic
ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 24, 326–344. [2.2]
Beckmann, A., H. H. Hellmer and R. Timmermann,
1999: A numerical model of the Weddell Sea:
Large scale circulation and water mass distribution. J. Geophys. Res. 104, 23375–23391. [4.6]
Begemann, F. and W. F. Libby, 1957: Continental
water balance, ground water inventory and storage times, surface ocean mixing rates and worldwide water circulation patterns from cosmic-ray
and bomb tritium. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta
12, 277–296. [5.8]
Behera, S. K. and T. Yamagata, 2001: Subtropical
SST dipole events in the southern Indian Ocean,
Geophys. Res. Lett. (submitted). [7.1]
Behringer, D. W., M. Ji and A. Leetmaa, 1998: An
improved coupled model for ENSO prediction and
implications for ocean initialization. Part I: the
ocean data assimilation system. Mon. Wea. Rev.
126, 1013–1021. [3.2, 7.4]
Belkin, I. M. and A. L. Gordon, 1996: Southern Ocean
fronts from the Greenwich meridian to Tasmania.
J. Geophys. Res. 101, 3675–3696. [3.3, 4.6]
Belkin, I. M., S. Levitus, J. Antonov and
S-A. Malmberg, 1998: ‘Great Salinity Anomalies’
in the North Atlantic. Prog. Oceanogr. 41(1),
1–68. [7.3]
Bender, M., T. Ellis, P. Tans, R. Francey and
D. Lowe, 1996: Variability in the O 2 /N 2 ratio of
southern hemisphere air, 1991–1994 – Implications for the carbon cycle. Glob. Biogeochem.
Cycles 10, 9–21. [6.3]
Bennett, A. F., 1992: Inverse Methods in Physical
Oceanography. Cambridge Monographs on
Mechanics and Applied Mathematics, Cambridge
University Press, 346 pp. [7.1]
Bentamy, A., N. Grima and Y. Quilfen, 1998:
Validation of the gridded weekly and monthly
wind fields calculated from ERS-1 scatterometer
wind observations. Glob. Atmos. Ocean System 6,
373–396. [3.4]
Bentamy, A., P. Queffeulou, Y. Quilfen and
K. B. Katsaros, 1999: Ocean surface wind fields
estimated from satellite active and passive
microwave instruments. IEEE Trans., Geosci.
Remote Sens. 37(5), 2469–2486. [3.4]
Bentamy, A., K. B. Katsaros, W. Drennan and
E. Forde, 2000: Daily surface wind fields produced
by merged satellite data. Proc., Symposium on Gas
Transfer at Water Surfaces (submitted). [3.4]
Beranger, K., K. Viau, B. Barnier, E. Garnier,
J. -M. Moline and L. Siefridt, 1999: An Atlas of
Climatic Estimates of Air–Sea Fluxes. LEGI, IMG,
Grenoble, France. [5.1]
Berliand, M. E. and T. G. Berliand, 1952: Measurement of the effective radiation of the earth with
varying cloud amounts. Izv. Acad. Sci. USSR Ser.
Geophys. English Transl., No. 1. [5.1]
Bertacchi Uvo, C. B., C. A Repelli, S. E. Zebiak and
Y. Kushnir, 1998: The relationships between tropical Pacific and Atlantic SST and northeast Brazil
monthly precipitation. J. Climate 11, 551–562.
[1.2]
Bi, K., 1995: Variability of the surface layer circulation in the western equatorial Pacific. Ph.D.
Dissertation, University of California at San
Diego, CA, 165 pp. [4.1]
Bianchi, G. G. and I. N. McCave, 1999: Holocene
periodicity in North Atlantic climate and deepocean flow south of Iceland. Nature 397, 515–
517. [5.6]
Bindoff, N. L. and J. A. Church, 1992: Warming of
the water column in the southwest Pacific Ocean.
Nature 357, 6373, 59–62. [4.6, 6.2, 7.3]
Bindoff, N. L. and T. J. McDougall, 1994:
Diagnosing climate change and ocean ventilation
using hydrographic data. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 24,
1137–1152. [4.6, 7.3]
Bindoff, N. L. and T. J. McDougall, 2000: Decadal
changes along an Indian Ocean section at 32°S
and their interpretation. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 30,
1207–1222. [1.2, 4.6, 7.3, 7.4]
Bingham, F. M., 1992: The formation and spreading
of subtropical mode water in the North Pacific.
J. Geophys. Res. 97, 11177–11189. [5.4]
Bingham, F. M. and R. Lukas, 1995: The distribution
of intermediate water in the western equatorial
Pacific during January–February 1986. Deep-Sea
Res. 42, 1545–1573. [4.3, 4.4]
Bingham, F. M. and L. D. Talley, 1991: Estimates of
Kuroshio transport using an inverse technique.
Deep-Sea Res. 38(suppl.) 521–543. [3.1, 6.1]
Bingham, F. M., T. Suga and K. Hanawa, 1992: Comparison of upper thermal conditions in the western
REFERENCES
606
154. [5.2]
Beckmann, A. and R. Döscher, 1997: A method for
improved representation of dense water spreading
over topography in geopotential-coordinate models. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 27, 581–591. [2.2, 2.3, 5.6]
Beckmann, A. and D. B. Haidvogel, 1993: Numerical
simulation of flow around a tall isolated seamount.
Part I: Problem formulation and model accuracy.
J. Phys. Oceanogr. 23, 1736–1753. [7.2]
Beckmann, A., C. W. Böning, B. Brügge and
D. Stammer, 1994a: On the generation and role of
eddy variability in the central North Atlantic ocean.
J. Geophys. Res. 99, 20381–20391. [2.2, 3.3]
Beckmann, A., C. W. Böning, C. Köberle and
J. Willebrand, 1994b: Effects of increased horizontal resolution in a simulation of the North Atlantic
ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 24, 326–344. [2.2]
Beckmann, A., H. H. Hellmer and R. Timmermann,
1999: A numerical model of the Weddell Sea:
Large scale circulation and water mass distribution. J. Geophys. Res. 104, 23375–23391. [4.6]
Begemann, F. and W. F. Libby, 1957: Continental
water balance, ground water inventory and storage times, surface ocean mixing rates and worldwide water circulation patterns from cosmic-ray
and bomb tritium. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta
12, 277–296. [5.8]
Behera, S. K. and T. Yamagata, 2001: Subtropical
SST dipole events in the southern Indian Ocean,
Geophys. Res. Lett. (submitted). [7.1]
Behringer, D. W., M. Ji and A. Leetmaa, 1998: An
improved coupled model for ENSO prediction and
implications for ocean initialization. Part I: the
ocean data assimilation system. Mon. Wea. Rev.
126, 1013–1021. [3.2, 7.4]
Belkin, I. M. and A. L. Gordon, 1996: Southern Ocean
fronts from the Greenwich meridian to Tasmania.
J. Geophys. Res. 101, 3675–3696. [3.3, 4.6]
Belkin, I. M., S. Levitus, J. Antonov and
S-A. Malmberg, 1998: ‘Great Salinity Anomalies’
in the North Atlantic. Prog. Oceanogr. 41(1),
1–68. [7.3]
Bender, M., T. Ellis, P. Tans, R. Francey and
D. Lowe, 1996: Variability in the O 2 /N 2 ratio of
southern hemisphere air, 1991–1994 – Implications for the carbon cycle. Glob. Biogeochem.
Cycles 10, 9–21. [6.3]
Bennett, A. F., 1992: Inverse Methods in Physical
Oceanography. Cambridge Monographs on
Mechanics and Applied Mathematics, Cambridge
University Press, 346 pp. [7.1]
Bentamy, A., N. Grima and Y. Quilfen, 1998:
Validation of the gridded weekly and monthly
wind fields calculated from ERS-1 scatterometer
wind observations. Glob. Atmos. Ocean System 6,
373–396. [3.4]
Bentamy, A., P. Queffeulou, Y. Quilfen and
K. B. Katsaros, 1999: Ocean surface wind fields
estimated from satellite active and passive
microwave instruments. IEEE Trans., Geosci.
Remote Sens. 37(5), 2469–2486. [3.4]
Bentamy, A., K. B. Katsaros, W. Drennan and
E. Forde, 2000: Daily surface wind fields produced
by merged satellite data. Proc., Symposium on Gas
Transfer at Water Surfaces (submitted). [3.4]
Beranger, K., K. Viau, B. Barnier, E. Garnier,
J. -M. Moline and L. Siefridt, 1999: An Atlas of
Climatic Estimates of Air–Sea Fluxes. LEGI, IMG,
Grenoble, France. [5.1]
Berliand, M. E. and T. G. Berliand, 1952: Measurement of the effective radiation of the earth with
varying cloud amounts. Izv. Acad. Sci. USSR Ser.
Geophys. English Transl., No. 1. [5.1]
Bertacchi Uvo, C. B., C. A Repelli, S. E. Zebiak and
Y. Kushnir, 1998: The relationships between tropical Pacific and Atlantic SST and northeast Brazil
monthly precipitation. J. Climate 11, 551–562.
[1.2]
Bi, K., 1995: Variability of the surface layer circulation in the western equatorial Pacific. Ph.D.
Dissertation, University of California at San
Diego, CA, 165 pp. [4.1]
Bianchi, G. G. and I. N. McCave, 1999: Holocene
periodicity in North Atlantic climate and deepocean flow south of Iceland. Nature 397, 515–
517. [5.6]
Bindoff, N. L. and J. A. Church, 1992: Warming of
the water column in the southwest Pacific Ocean.
Nature 357, 6373, 59–62. [4.6, 6.2, 7.3]
Bindoff, N. L. and T. J. McDougall, 1994:
Diagnosing climate change and ocean ventilation
using hydrographic data. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 24,
1137–1152. [4.6, 7.3]
Bindoff, N. L. and T. J. McDougall, 2000: Decadal
changes along an Indian Ocean section at 32°S
and their interpretation. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 30,
1207–1222. [1.2, 4.6, 7.3, 7.4]
Bingham, F. M., 1992: The formation and spreading
of subtropical mode water in the North Pacific.
J. Geophys. Res. 97, 11177–11189. [5.4]
Bingham, F. M. and R. Lukas, 1995: The distribution
of intermediate water in the western equatorial
Pacific during January–February 1986. Deep-Sea
Res. 42, 1545–1573. [4.3, 4.4]
Bingham, F. M. and L. D. Talley, 1991: Estimates of
Kuroshio transport using an inverse technique.
Deep-Sea Res. 38(suppl.) 521–543. [3.1, 6.1]
Bingham, F. M., T. Suga and K. Hanawa, 1992: Comparison of upper thermal conditions in the western
REFERENCES
606