Torne, Norway, dissolved loads, 462T
Total carbon dioxide signature, 183
photosynthesis and, 184–185
see also Carbon dioxide
Total dissolved nitrogen (TDN)
determination, 541
river water, 486T
Total dissolved phosphorus, river water,
486T
Total dissolved sulfur, river water, 486T
Total inorganic carbon (TIC)
seasonal depth profile, Bermuda, 184F
Total lipid extract (TLE), 255
Total organic carbon (TOC), river water,
486T
Total organic nitrogen (TON), 559
Trace element(s), 64
anthropogenic see Anthropogenic trace
elements
behavior types, 64
conservative, 8T, 10, 64, 71
particle association, 10–12
see also Conservative elements (sea
water)
coral-based paleoclimate records,
424–425, 424T, 431
seasonal variation, 426
temperature reconstructions, 424T,
425
upwelling, 424T, 425–426
hybrid/mixed, 64, 71
land-sea global transfers, 487
nutrient-like (recycled), 8T, 10, 64, 71
particle association, 10–12
oxyanions, 64–71
chemical speciation, 64
redox-controlled, 8T, 10
scavenged, 8T, 10, 64, 71
particle association, 10–12
transient, 10
see also Cadmium; Cobalt; Copper;
Elemental distribution; Iron;
Manganese; Molybdenum; Nickel;
Nutrient(s); Selenium; Transition
metals; Zinc
Trace gases
Air–sea transfer, 583–588, 589–596
photochemical production/reactions,
91–92
Trace metals
ferromanganese deposits, 327–328
isotope ratios, long-term tracer
applications, 124–125, 124T
leaching from rocks, 132–133
photochemical production/reactions,
92–95
Tracer(s)
categorization, 229
evaluation, 232–233
inverse modeling, 188–199
hybrid models, 193, 194F
see also Inverse models/modeling
limitations, 232–233
long-term, 123
proxies, 123
residence time, 123
section inverse modeling, conservation
law, 191–192
types, 155
Tracer budgets, 191–192
see also Chemical tracers
Tracer flux gauges, 185–186
Tracer release experiments, 175–180
Air–sea gas exchange experiments,
177–178
dual tracer, 177–178
results, 177F
biogeochemical patch experiments,
178–180
iron enrichment, 179–180
buoy marking, 178–179
current experiments, 180
deep ocean mixing experiments,
175–176
hydrodynamic forcing, 176
North Atlantic Tracer Release
Experiment
results, 176
sulfur hexafluoride properties, 175
tracer release method, 175–176
see also Chemical tracers; Sulfur
hexafluoride; Tracer(s)
Tracers in the Ocean (TTO) North
Atlantic Study (NAS), 239–240
Transfer coefficient, 475–476, 476F
definition, 481
Transient tracers, 229
definition, 521
source strength, 231
see also Radionuclides
Transient Tracers in the Ocean (TTO),
297
Transition metals
analytical techniques, 74
conservative type, 73, 74F
distribution and concentrations, 72
distribution maps, 74
micronutrient aspects, 79
mixed type, 74
nutrient type, 73–74, 74F
oceanic profiles, 8T, 9–10, 11F
as oxyanions, 64
scavenged type, 73, 74F
speciation, 74–75, 72–80
biological effects, 78
inorganic, 75
organic, 75
supply to oceans, 72
Tributyltin (TBT)
in oceanic environment, 278
2,4,5-Trichlorobiphenyl, structure, 164F
Trichlorobiphenyls, structure, 164F
Trichodesmium, 549
Trinity Test, 236
Tritiogenic helium, 147
Tritium (T,
3 H), 139
bomb see Bomb tritium
circulation tracer, 514–515, 515
components, 139F, 139
cosmogenic production rate, 227T
Ekman pumping, 141
half-life, 139
northern hemisphere, 139F, 139
nuclear fusion weapons, 139
in the oceans, 139–142
southern hemisphere, 139, 140F
‘spike’, 141–142
subpolar gyre, 141
tracer applications, 230T
vapor exchange, 140
Tritium-helium-3 age
definition, 521
Tritium-helium-3 tracing, 182
isopycnal mixing and, 182
mixing and, 182–183
Tritium-helium dating, 139–146
advection-diffusion equations, 145–146
age distribution, 143F, 144
concept, 142–143, 143F
in ocean, 142–146
water mass mixing, effects of, 145, 145F,
145T
Trophic effect, 561
Tropical Atlantic Study (TAS), 239–240
Troposphere, dimethylsulfide, 585
TTO (Transient Tracers in the Ocean),
297
Tungsten (W), 64, 67, 71
concentrations in ocean waters, 73T
depth profile, 65F, 67
Turbulence
as dissolved silicate source, 536
U
Ultraviolet absorbance spectroscopy see
Absorbance spectroscopy
Ultraviolet radiation
UV-B radiation, ozone, concentration
effects, 89
UNCLOS see United Nations Convention
for the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)
United Nations Convention for the Law
of the Sea (UNCLOS)
global marine pollution, 263–264
Upper Labrador Sea Water, 161
Upper ocean
tracer constraints, 182F
Upwelling
coral-based paleoclimate research, 424T,
425–426
definition, 271
as dissolved silicate source, 535F, 536
modeling, radiocarbon and, 515
radiocarbon, 245
Uranium (U), 203
anoxic environments, 216
dissolved, distribution, 216
isotope ratios, 216
depth profile, 216F
example, 207F
isotopic composition of sea water, 203T
see also Uranium-thorium series isotopes
Uranium-235 (
235 U), 203, 203T
decay series, 214F
palladium-231 activity ratio, 218–219
Uranium-238 (
238 U), 203, 203T
decay series, 214F
630
Index
Total carbon dioxide signature, 183
photosynthesis and, 184–185
see also Carbon dioxide
Total dissolved nitrogen (TDN)
determination, 541
river water, 486T
Total dissolved phosphorus, river water,
486T
Total dissolved sulfur, river water, 486T
Total inorganic carbon (TIC)
seasonal depth profile, Bermuda, 184F
Total lipid extract (TLE), 255
Total organic carbon (TOC), river water,
486T
Total organic nitrogen (TON), 559
Trace element(s), 64
anthropogenic see Anthropogenic trace
elements
behavior types, 64
conservative, 8T, 10, 64, 71
particle association, 10–12
see also Conservative elements (sea
water)
coral-based paleoclimate records,
424–425, 424T, 431
seasonal variation, 426
temperature reconstructions, 424T,
425
upwelling, 424T, 425–426
hybrid/mixed, 64, 71
land-sea global transfers, 487
nutrient-like (recycled), 8T, 10, 64, 71
particle association, 10–12
oxyanions, 64–71
chemical speciation, 64
redox-controlled, 8T, 10
scavenged, 8T, 10, 64, 71
particle association, 10–12
transient, 10
see also Cadmium; Cobalt; Copper;
Elemental distribution; Iron;
Manganese; Molybdenum; Nickel;
Nutrient(s); Selenium; Transition
metals; Zinc
Trace gases
Air–sea transfer, 583–588, 589–596
photochemical production/reactions,
91–92
Trace metals
ferromanganese deposits, 327–328
isotope ratios, long-term tracer
applications, 124–125, 124T
leaching from rocks, 132–133
photochemical production/reactions,
92–95
Tracer(s)
categorization, 229
evaluation, 232–233
inverse modeling, 188–199
hybrid models, 193, 194F
see also Inverse models/modeling
limitations, 232–233
long-term, 123
proxies, 123
residence time, 123
section inverse modeling, conservation
law, 191–192
types, 155
Tracer budgets, 191–192
see also Chemical tracers
Tracer flux gauges, 185–186
Tracer release experiments, 175–180
Air–sea gas exchange experiments,
177–178
dual tracer, 177–178
results, 177F
biogeochemical patch experiments,
178–180
iron enrichment, 179–180
buoy marking, 178–179
current experiments, 180
deep ocean mixing experiments,
175–176
hydrodynamic forcing, 176
North Atlantic Tracer Release
Experiment
results, 176
sulfur hexafluoride properties, 175
tracer release method, 175–176
see also Chemical tracers; Sulfur
hexafluoride; Tracer(s)
Tracers in the Ocean (TTO) North
Atlantic Study (NAS), 239–240
Transfer coefficient, 475–476, 476F
definition, 481
Transient tracers, 229
definition, 521
source strength, 231
see also Radionuclides
Transient Tracers in the Ocean (TTO),
297
Transition metals
analytical techniques, 74
conservative type, 73, 74F
distribution and concentrations, 72
distribution maps, 74
micronutrient aspects, 79
mixed type, 74
nutrient type, 73–74, 74F
oceanic profiles, 8T, 9–10, 11F
as oxyanions, 64
scavenged type, 73, 74F
speciation, 74–75, 72–80
biological effects, 78
inorganic, 75
organic, 75
supply to oceans, 72
Tributyltin (TBT)
in oceanic environment, 278
2,4,5-Trichlorobiphenyl, structure, 164F
Trichlorobiphenyls, structure, 164F
Trichodesmium, 549
Trinity Test, 236
Tritiogenic helium, 147
Tritium (T,
3 H), 139
bomb see Bomb tritium
circulation tracer, 514–515, 515
components, 139F, 139
cosmogenic production rate, 227T
Ekman pumping, 141
half-life, 139
northern hemisphere, 139F, 139
nuclear fusion weapons, 139
in the oceans, 139–142
southern hemisphere, 139, 140F
‘spike’, 141–142
subpolar gyre, 141
tracer applications, 230T
vapor exchange, 140
Tritium-helium-3 age
definition, 521
Tritium-helium-3 tracing, 182
isopycnal mixing and, 182
mixing and, 182–183
Tritium-helium dating, 139–146
advection-diffusion equations, 145–146
age distribution, 143F, 144
concept, 142–143, 143F
in ocean, 142–146
water mass mixing, effects of, 145, 145F,
145T
Trophic effect, 561
Tropical Atlantic Study (TAS), 239–240
Troposphere, dimethylsulfide, 585
TTO (Transient Tracers in the Ocean),
297
Tungsten (W), 64, 67, 71
concentrations in ocean waters, 73T
depth profile, 65F, 67
Turbulence
as dissolved silicate source, 536
U
Ultraviolet absorbance spectroscopy see
Absorbance spectroscopy
Ultraviolet radiation
UV-B radiation, ozone, concentration
effects, 89
UNCLOS see United Nations Convention
for the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)
United Nations Convention for the Law
of the Sea (UNCLOS)
global marine pollution, 263–264
Upper Labrador Sea Water, 161
Upper ocean
tracer constraints, 182F
Upwelling
coral-based paleoclimate research, 424T,
425–426
definition, 271
as dissolved silicate source, 535F, 536
modeling, radiocarbon and, 515
radiocarbon, 245
Uranium (U), 203
anoxic environments, 216
dissolved, distribution, 216
isotope ratios, 216
depth profile, 216F
example, 207F
isotopic composition of sea water, 203T
see also Uranium-thorium series isotopes
Uranium-235 (
235 U), 203, 203T
decay series, 214F
palladium-231 activity ratio, 218–219
Uranium-238 (
238 U), 203, 203T
decay series, 214F
630
Index