sea–air flux of carbon dioxide, 511T
sedimentary nitrogen isotope ratios,
562F
Southern Ocean Iron Enrichment
Experiment (SOIREE), 104, 105,
180
questions remaining, 109
results, 106, 108,
see also Iron fertilization
South Pacific
lead profile, 273, 274F
organochlorine compounds, 289T
river inputs, 462T
South Pacific Ocean
radiocarbon, 241–242, 242F, 243F
river inputs, 462T
Spectral scattering coefficient see
Scattering coefficient
Spirulina, 115
Spreading centers
back arc spreading centers, 81, 83F
intermediate-spreading centers,
hydrothermal vent deposits,
375
SSCC see Southern Subsurface
Countercurrent (SSCC)
SST see Sea surface temperature (SST)
Standard Mean Ocean Water (SMOW),
411
Station ALOHA, nitrogen concentration
depth profiles, 560F
Steady state, definition, 249
Steady-state model, nitrogen isotopes,
550F, 550
Steady tracers, 229
Stratification
definition, 307
Stratospheric chemistry, halogenated
compounds, 587
Strontium (Sr2+)
concentration in sea water, 14T
determination, 13
isotope ratios, 127F
Cenozoic, 128F
Cenozoic carbon cycle changes and,
525–526, 525F, 531
deep-water distribution, 125
governing processes, 129
incongruent release, 133T
Phanerozoic, 128F
present-day sea water, 525
long-term tracer properties, 124T
results, 126–130
source materials, 125–126
isotope ratios, 125T
Strontium-90 (90SR), nuclear fuel
reprocessing, 293T
Subduction zone volcanoes, helium
plumes, 153
Subgrid-scale parameterization (SGS)
Global Climate Models, 519
Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD),
465, 465–474
chemical tracers, 469–471
quantification, 467, 468–469
chemical tracers, 469–471
direct measurements, seepage meters,
468–469
hydrology, 467–468
infrared thermography, 467
see also Pore water
Submicrometer aerosol particles, 281–282
Suboxic, definition, 335
Subterranean estuary, 467
geochemistry, 471–473
Suess effect, 253–254
Sulfate (SO 4 2
À
)
concentrations
in river water, 14T, 486T
in sea water, 14T
determination, 13
depth profiles, estuarine sediments, 450F
reduction in pore water, 384T
Sulfur (S)
anthropogenic emission perturbations,
489F, 492–494
atmospheric deposition, projected, 493F
cosmogenic isotopes, 226T
production rate, 227T
reservoir concentrations, 228T
cycling in estuarine sediments, 452–453,
453F
river fluxes, 488
total dissolved, river water, 486T
Sulfur-35, cosmogenic isotopes, oceanic
sources, 227T
Sulfur dioxide (SO 2 )
river water concentration, 486T
Sulfur hexafluoride (SF 6 )
chemical and physical properties, 175
depth profile, 176F
estuaries, gas exchange, 477
gas chromatographic analysis, 178–179
iron release patch labeling, 179
tracer release, 175–176
Summer solstice insolation, 438, 440F
Sunscreens, marine organisms, 116
Surface waters
phosphorus cycle research, 575–576,
577T, 578
Suspended particulate matter (SPM), 266
Synthetic organic compounds,
atmospheric deposition, 284–285
T
t, definition, 212
t 1/2 , definition, 212, 249
Tantalum
concentrations in ocean waters, 73T
crustal abundance, 53T
dissolved, 59
depth profile, 60F
properties in seawater, 53T
Tasman Rise, 420–421
t sc , definition, 212
Taxonomy see Classification/taxonomy
(organisms)
Techa River, radioactive wastes, 301
Technetium (99Tc), 301, 304
concentrations in ocean waters (N.
Atlantic and N. Pacific), 73T
nuclear fuel reprocessing, 291, 294
transit time (Irish Sea to North Sea), 301
Tectonic activity, clay mineral
composition and, 353–354
Tellurium (Te), 64, 70–71, 71
depth profile, 70–71, 70F
Temperature
changes, noble gas saturations and,
137–138
Terrestrial biosphere, carbon dioxide
cycle, 505
Tethys Ocean
closure, 421
Tetrachlorobiphenyls, structure, 164F
Thalassiosira, 119F
Thalassiosira weissflogii, 553
Thermocline
models, carbon cycle, 518–519, 518F
Thermocline ventilation rate
chlorofluorocarbons, 159–160
radiocarbon, 248–249, 249F
Thermohaline circulation
chlorofluorocabon, 161
Third-order sea level change see Million
year scale sea level variations
Thorium (Th), 205–207
counting, 216
crustal abundance, 53T
dissolved, 61
distribution, 215
properties in seawater, 53T
distribution, governing equations, 218
isotopes, 514–515
reversible exchange between forms,
206–207, 207F
Thorium-228 (
228 Th), 217
distribution, Pacific, 217F
Thorium-230 (
230 Th), 205–206, 208F,
217–218
Thorium-232 (
232 Th), 203, 203T
concentration depth profiles, 218F
decay series, 214F
dissolved, depth profile, 62F
Thorium-234 (
234 Th)
uranium-238 ratio, 217–218
Thulean basalts, eruption, 420
230 Th xs , definition, 212
Tide(s)
groundwater flow and, 466–467
Tin (Sn), inorganic, in oceanic
environment, 278
Titanium (Ti)
concentrations in ocean waters, 73T
crustal abundance, 53T
dissolved, 57–58
depth profile, 58F
properties in seawater, 53T
TMS see Tether management system
(TMS)
TOC (total organic carbon), river water,
486T
Todorokite, 325–326
Toggweiler model, radiocarbon, 246
TON see Total organic nitrogen (TON)
Toothed whales see Odontocetes (toothed
whales)
Index
629
sedimentary nitrogen isotope ratios,
562F
Southern Ocean Iron Enrichment
Experiment (SOIREE), 104, 105,
180
questions remaining, 109
results, 106, 108,
see also Iron fertilization
South Pacific
lead profile, 273, 274F
organochlorine compounds, 289T
river inputs, 462T
South Pacific Ocean
radiocarbon, 241–242, 242F, 243F
river inputs, 462T
Spectral scattering coefficient see
Scattering coefficient
Spirulina, 115
Spreading centers
back arc spreading centers, 81, 83F
intermediate-spreading centers,
hydrothermal vent deposits,
375
SSCC see Southern Subsurface
Countercurrent (SSCC)
SST see Sea surface temperature (SST)
Standard Mean Ocean Water (SMOW),
411
Station ALOHA, nitrogen concentration
depth profiles, 560F
Steady state, definition, 249
Steady-state model, nitrogen isotopes,
550F, 550
Steady tracers, 229
Stratification
definition, 307
Stratospheric chemistry, halogenated
compounds, 587
Strontium (Sr2+)
concentration in sea water, 14T
determination, 13
isotope ratios, 127F
Cenozoic, 128F
Cenozoic carbon cycle changes and,
525–526, 525F, 531
deep-water distribution, 125
governing processes, 129
incongruent release, 133T
Phanerozoic, 128F
present-day sea water, 525
long-term tracer properties, 124T
results, 126–130
source materials, 125–126
isotope ratios, 125T
Strontium-90 (90SR), nuclear fuel
reprocessing, 293T
Subduction zone volcanoes, helium
plumes, 153
Subgrid-scale parameterization (SGS)
Global Climate Models, 519
Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD),
465, 465–474
chemical tracers, 469–471
quantification, 467, 468–469
chemical tracers, 469–471
direct measurements, seepage meters,
468–469
hydrology, 467–468
infrared thermography, 467
see also Pore water
Submicrometer aerosol particles, 281–282
Suboxic, definition, 335
Subterranean estuary, 467
geochemistry, 471–473
Suess effect, 253–254
Sulfate (SO 4 2
À
)
concentrations
in river water, 14T, 486T
in sea water, 14T
determination, 13
depth profiles, estuarine sediments, 450F
reduction in pore water, 384T
Sulfur (S)
anthropogenic emission perturbations,
489F, 492–494
atmospheric deposition, projected, 493F
cosmogenic isotopes, 226T
production rate, 227T
reservoir concentrations, 228T
cycling in estuarine sediments, 452–453,
453F
river fluxes, 488
total dissolved, river water, 486T
Sulfur-35, cosmogenic isotopes, oceanic
sources, 227T
Sulfur dioxide (SO 2 )
river water concentration, 486T
Sulfur hexafluoride (SF 6 )
chemical and physical properties, 175
depth profile, 176F
estuaries, gas exchange, 477
gas chromatographic analysis, 178–179
iron release patch labeling, 179
tracer release, 175–176
Summer solstice insolation, 438, 440F
Sunscreens, marine organisms, 116
Surface waters
phosphorus cycle research, 575–576,
577T, 578
Suspended particulate matter (SPM), 266
Synthetic organic compounds,
atmospheric deposition, 284–285
T
t, definition, 212
t 1/2 , definition, 212, 249
Tantalum
concentrations in ocean waters, 73T
crustal abundance, 53T
dissolved, 59
depth profile, 60F
properties in seawater, 53T
Tasman Rise, 420–421
t sc , definition, 212
Taxonomy see Classification/taxonomy
(organisms)
Techa River, radioactive wastes, 301
Technetium (99Tc), 301, 304
concentrations in ocean waters (N.
Atlantic and N. Pacific), 73T
nuclear fuel reprocessing, 291, 294
transit time (Irish Sea to North Sea), 301
Tectonic activity, clay mineral
composition and, 353–354
Tellurium (Te), 64, 70–71, 71
depth profile, 70–71, 70F
Temperature
changes, noble gas saturations and,
137–138
Terrestrial biosphere, carbon dioxide
cycle, 505
Tethys Ocean
closure, 421
Tetrachlorobiphenyls, structure, 164F
Thalassiosira, 119F
Thalassiosira weissflogii, 553
Thermocline
models, carbon cycle, 518–519, 518F
Thermocline ventilation rate
chlorofluorocarbons, 159–160
radiocarbon, 248–249, 249F
Thermohaline circulation
chlorofluorocabon, 161
Third-order sea level change see Million
year scale sea level variations
Thorium (Th), 205–207
counting, 216
crustal abundance, 53T
dissolved, 61
distribution, 215
properties in seawater, 53T
distribution, governing equations, 218
isotopes, 514–515
reversible exchange between forms,
206–207, 207F
Thorium-228 (
228 Th), 217
distribution, Pacific, 217F
Thorium-230 (
230 Th), 205–206, 208F,
217–218
Thorium-232 (
232 Th), 203, 203T
concentration depth profiles, 218F
decay series, 214F
dissolved, depth profile, 62F
Thorium-234 (
234 Th)
uranium-238 ratio, 217–218
Thulean basalts, eruption, 420
230 Th xs , definition, 212
Tide(s)
groundwater flow and, 466–467
Tin (Sn), inorganic, in oceanic
environment, 278
Titanium (Ti)
concentrations in ocean waters, 73T
crustal abundance, 53T
dissolved, 57–58
depth profile, 58F
properties in seawater, 53T
TMS see Tether management system
(TMS)
TOC (total organic carbon), river water,
486T
Todorokite, 325–326
Toggweiler model, radiocarbon, 246
TON see Total organic nitrogen (TON)
Toothed whales see Odontocetes (toothed
whales)
Index
629