Sediment(s) (continued)
extraterrestrial material in, platinum
group elements as tracers, 34–37,
36F
iron cycling, 384–385, 385F
load, 458
nitrogen isotope ratios, 560–561
phosphorus
accumulation through Cenozoic,
527–528, 528F
mobilization, 573
reservoir, 567, 569T, 573
radiocarbon content, sources, 251–252
river inputs, 457
Sedimentary records
nitrogen isotope levels, 561, 562F
Sediment cores
oxygen isotope ratios, glacial cycles and,
434, 436
Waquoit Bay subterranean estuary,
472F
Sediment flux, 463
deep oceans see Deep-sea sediment drifts
Sediment irrigation, 450F
Sediment load, 458
Sediment rating curve, 458
Sediment sequences
pore water chemistry and, 382
Seepage meters, 469F, 471F
groundwater detection and, 468–469
Seine estuary, France
enrichment factor, 270T
metal pollution, 268, 268T
Selenium (Se), 64, 70, 71
concentration
N. Atlantic and N. Pacific waters, 73T
depth profiles, 70F, 70
dissolved forms, 70F, 70
oxic vs. anoxic waters, 70
see also Trace element(s)
Sellafield, UK, 291
EARP 99Tc pulse study, 296
location, importance of, 291
nuclear fuel discharges
circulation of, 294–295
coastal circulation, 296
history, 295–296
regional setting, 294, 295F
surface circulation, 296
radionuclides
releases into ocean, 291
total discharges, 301, 301T
Sepiolite, 328–329
SGD see Submarine groundwater
discharge
SGS see Subgrid-scale parameterization
(SGS)
Shackleton, Nicholas, 414–415
Shelf seas
metal pollution, 265F, 268F
Shelter Island, groundwater flux, 471F,
471
Siderophores, 77, 103, 107–108
see also Iron
Silica
concentration in river water, 14T
Silica cycle, 100–111
basic concepts, 533
dissolved silicate
measurement, 539–540
sources of, 535–536, 535F, 536T
marine, 535–536, 533–540
measurement of rates of processes,
539–540
removal of silica, 536–537, 536T
measurement, 539–540
see also Biogenic silica; Carbon cycle
Silicate (Si[OH]4)
deposits, 332–333
mean oceanic residence time, 533
natural radiocarbon, 244, 244F
strontium isotopic ratios, Himalayan
area, 526
sea water concentrations
in distinguishing different water
masses, 534–535, 534F
nitrate vs., 534F
supply/removal balance, 533
vertical profile, 104F, 533–534,
533–535, 534F
Siliceous sponges, as biogenic silica in
marine sediments, 538–539
Silicoflagellates
as biogenic silica in marine sediments,
538–539
Silicon (Si)
cosmogenic isotopes, 226T
production rates, 227T
reservoir concentrations, 228, 228T
specific radioactivity, 229T
tracer applications, 230T
Silicon-32, tracer applications, 233
Silicon-35, cosmogenic isotopes, oceanic
sources, 227T
Silicon:germanium ratio, as weathering
vs. hydrothermal input tracer, 68
Silver
anthropogenic, 455
in sewage, 278
Single compound radiocarbon
measurements, 251–259
analysis methods, 254–255
accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS),
256
compound selection, 254–255
compound separation and isolation,
255–256
process, 256F
applications, 256–258
lipid biomarkers, 254F, 255F,
257–258
monosaccharides, 258–259
bomb carbon and, 253F
carbon isotopes, 252
organic carbon reservoirs, 251F
radiocarbon distribution mechanisms,
253
anthropogenic, 253–254
natural, 253
radiocarbon systematics, 252–253
Slow-spreading ridges
lava morphology, 355–356, 356F
magma composition, fractional
crystallization, 361–362
Smectites, 333–335
composition, 334F, 350T
diagenetic reactions, 333T
distribution, 333–335, 347
Indian Ocean, 348F
reworking, 347
SMOW (Standard Mean Ocean Water),
411
SNAP 9A, radioactive wastes, 303
Snow
d
18
O values, 412, 413F
SO see Southern Oscillation (SO)
Sodium (Na)
concentrations
river water, 14T, 486T
sea water, 14T
determination, 13
cosmogenic isotopes, 226T
production rate, 227T
reservoir concentrations, 228T
Sodium-22, cosmogenic isotopes, oceanic
sources, 227T
Soil(s)
phosphorus, 567, 569T, 572F
see also Phosphorus cycle
SOIREE see Southern Ocean Iron
Enrichment Experiment
(SOIREE)
Solar nebula, water for origin of oceans,
5F, 5
Solid-phase extraction (SPE), 76, 76T
Solubility pump, 499–502, 499F, 500F
see also Carbon cycle; Carbon
dioxide
SOSUS (Sound Surveillance System), 85
Sound Surveillance System (SOSUS), 85
South America
river water, composition, 486T
South American shelf
oxygen concentration, 330F
phosphate concentration, 330F
South Atlantic (Ocean)
carbonate compensation depth, 344F
organochlorine compounds, 289T
river inputs, 462T
South Atlantic Ventilation Experiment
(SAVE), 239–240
South Carolina, groundwater flux, 470F
Southeast Asian rivers
dissolved solid concentration, 463F
sediment discharge, 460
Southern hemisphere
carbon dioxide sinks, 509
chlorofluorocarbons, 155–156, 156F
Southern Ocean
benthic foraminifera, 393T
nitrate and phytoplankton uptake
thereof, 557F
phytoplankton and nitrate consumption,
555
radiocarbon, 239F, 240
concentrations, 195–198
rare earth elements, vertical profiles, 41,
44F
628
Index
extraterrestrial material in, platinum
group elements as tracers, 34–37,
36F
iron cycling, 384–385, 385F
load, 458
nitrogen isotope ratios, 560–561
phosphorus
accumulation through Cenozoic,
527–528, 528F
mobilization, 573
reservoir, 567, 569T, 573
radiocarbon content, sources, 251–252
river inputs, 457
Sedimentary records
nitrogen isotope levels, 561, 562F
Sediment cores
oxygen isotope ratios, glacial cycles and,
434, 436
Waquoit Bay subterranean estuary,
472F
Sediment flux, 463
deep oceans see Deep-sea sediment drifts
Sediment irrigation, 450F
Sediment load, 458
Sediment rating curve, 458
Sediment sequences
pore water chemistry and, 382
Seepage meters, 469F, 471F
groundwater detection and, 468–469
Seine estuary, France
enrichment factor, 270T
metal pollution, 268, 268T
Selenium (Se), 64, 70, 71
concentration
N. Atlantic and N. Pacific waters, 73T
depth profiles, 70F, 70
dissolved forms, 70F, 70
oxic vs. anoxic waters, 70
see also Trace element(s)
Sellafield, UK, 291
EARP 99Tc pulse study, 296
location, importance of, 291
nuclear fuel discharges
circulation of, 294–295
coastal circulation, 296
history, 295–296
regional setting, 294, 295F
surface circulation, 296
radionuclides
releases into ocean, 291
total discharges, 301, 301T
Sepiolite, 328–329
SGD see Submarine groundwater
discharge
SGS see Subgrid-scale parameterization
(SGS)
Shackleton, Nicholas, 414–415
Shelf seas
metal pollution, 265F, 268F
Shelter Island, groundwater flux, 471F,
471
Siderophores, 77, 103, 107–108
see also Iron
Silica
concentration in river water, 14T
Silica cycle, 100–111
basic concepts, 533
dissolved silicate
measurement, 539–540
sources of, 535–536, 535F, 536T
marine, 535–536, 533–540
measurement of rates of processes,
539–540
removal of silica, 536–537, 536T
measurement, 539–540
see also Biogenic silica; Carbon cycle
Silicate (Si[OH]4)
deposits, 332–333
mean oceanic residence time, 533
natural radiocarbon, 244, 244F
strontium isotopic ratios, Himalayan
area, 526
sea water concentrations
in distinguishing different water
masses, 534–535, 534F
nitrate vs., 534F
supply/removal balance, 533
vertical profile, 104F, 533–534,
533–535, 534F
Siliceous sponges, as biogenic silica in
marine sediments, 538–539
Silicoflagellates
as biogenic silica in marine sediments,
538–539
Silicon (Si)
cosmogenic isotopes, 226T
production rates, 227T
reservoir concentrations, 228, 228T
specific radioactivity, 229T
tracer applications, 230T
Silicon-32, tracer applications, 233
Silicon-35, cosmogenic isotopes, oceanic
sources, 227T
Silicon:germanium ratio, as weathering
vs. hydrothermal input tracer, 68
Silver
anthropogenic, 455
in sewage, 278
Single compound radiocarbon
measurements, 251–259
analysis methods, 254–255
accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS),
256
compound selection, 254–255
compound separation and isolation,
255–256
process, 256F
applications, 256–258
lipid biomarkers, 254F, 255F,
257–258
monosaccharides, 258–259
bomb carbon and, 253F
carbon isotopes, 252
organic carbon reservoirs, 251F
radiocarbon distribution mechanisms,
253
anthropogenic, 253–254
natural, 253
radiocarbon systematics, 252–253
Slow-spreading ridges
lava morphology, 355–356, 356F
magma composition, fractional
crystallization, 361–362
Smectites, 333–335
composition, 334F, 350T
diagenetic reactions, 333T
distribution, 333–335, 347
Indian Ocean, 348F
reworking, 347
SMOW (Standard Mean Ocean Water),
411
SNAP 9A, radioactive wastes, 303
Snow
d
18
O values, 412, 413F
SO see Southern Oscillation (SO)
Sodium (Na)
concentrations
river water, 14T, 486T
sea water, 14T
determination, 13
cosmogenic isotopes, 226T
production rate, 227T
reservoir concentrations, 228T
Sodium-22, cosmogenic isotopes, oceanic
sources, 227T
Soil(s)
phosphorus, 567, 569T, 572F
see also Phosphorus cycle
SOIREE see Southern Ocean Iron
Enrichment Experiment
(SOIREE)
Solar nebula, water for origin of oceans,
5F, 5
Solid-phase extraction (SPE), 76, 76T
Solubility pump, 499–502, 499F, 500F
see also Carbon cycle; Carbon
dioxide
SOSUS (Sound Surveillance System), 85
Sound Surveillance System (SOSUS), 85
South America
river water, composition, 486T
South American shelf
oxygen concentration, 330F
phosphate concentration, 330F
South Atlantic (Ocean)
carbonate compensation depth, 344F
organochlorine compounds, 289T
river inputs, 462T
South Atlantic Ventilation Experiment
(SAVE), 239–240
South Carolina, groundwater flux, 470F
Southeast Asian rivers
dissolved solid concentration, 463F
sediment discharge, 460
Southern hemisphere
carbon dioxide sinks, 509
chlorofluorocarbons, 155–156, 156F
Southern Ocean
benthic foraminifera, 393T
nitrate and phytoplankton uptake
thereof, 557F
phytoplankton and nitrate consumption,
555
radiocarbon, 239F, 240
concentrations, 195–198
rare earth elements, vertical profiles, 41,
44F
628
Index