history, 52
residence times, 53T
see also Heavy metals
Remineralization
of rare earth elements, 47, 48T, 50
Remotely operated vehicles (ROVs), 299
survey and discovery methods,
hydrothermal vent fluids, chemistry
of, 81–83
see also Manned submersibles (shallow
water)
Remote sensing
iron fertilization experiments, 105
Reproduction
coccolithophores, 405–406
corals, 423
Residence time, 123
definition, 124
Restonguet Creek, Uk, enrichment factor,
269–270, 270T
Rhenium (Re), 64, 67, 71
anoxic sea water, 67
concentrations in ocean waters, 73T
depth profile, 65F, 67
oxic sea water, 67
Rhine estuary, The Netherlands, 459–460
dissolved loads, 462T
enrichment factor, 270T
Rhodium (Rh), 29
commercial demand/utilization, 37F, 37
concentrations
deep earth, 29T
sea water, 29T, 31
vertical profile in sea water, 31F, 31
see also Platinum group elements (PGEs)
Rhodochrosite, 451
Rhyolitic glass, diagenetic reactions,
333T
Ri, definition, 212
Ridge(s)
intermediate-spreading, hydrothermal
vent deposits, 375
River(s)
anthropogenic loading, 489F
carbon transport, 490F
chemical flux to oceans, 485
flow, tritium, 140
metal pollution, 266–267
nitrogen transport, 490F
outflow, coral-based paleoclimate
research, 424T, 426
phosphorus transport, 490F
uranium-thorium series isotope
transport, 214–215
water composition, 486T
River inputs, 457–464
clay minerals, 14
conservative element concentrations in
sea water and, 14–15
dissolved silicate, 535–536, 535F, 536T
dissolved solid load vs. basin area, 461F
floods, impact of, 457, 458
fluvial discharge, 457–458
dissolved solid discharge, 459–460
freshwater discharge, 457–458
to global ocean, 460–461
sediment discharge, 458–459, 459F
see also Habitat modification
fluvial processes, changes in
anthropogenic sources, 461–463
natural sources, 461–463
phosphorus, 569–572, 570T
human impacts, 572
rare earth elements (REEs), 45, 48T
uneven global database, 457
River outflow, coral-based paleoclimate
research, 424T, 426
River runoff
cosmogenic radioisotopes and, 226
River water
anthropogenic impacts on composition,
14–15
composition, 486T
major constituents, 14, 14T
ratios, sea water vs., 14, 14T
Rooth, Claes, 243
ROS see Reactive oxygen species
Ross Sea
biogenic silica studies, 538
ROV see Remotely operated vehicles
(ROVs)
Ruthenium (Ru), 29
concentrations
deep earth, 29T
sea water, 29T
water column distribution, 30–31
see also Platinum group elements (PGEs)
S
St. Lawrence Island
dissolved loads, 462T
Salinity, 5–6
chlorinity and, 13
decrease over time, 6
determination, 13
measurement(s), 13
normal (standard), 13
d
18 O values and, 413–414, 414F
profiles
Atlantic Ocean, 126F
Atlantic Ocean, WOCE section 16,
189F
see also Freshwater flux
Salmo salar (Atlantic salmon) fisheries see
Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)
fisheries
Salween, dissolved loads, 462T
San Petro Shelf, DDT concentrations,
depth profile, 170F
Santa Monica Basin
radiocarbon analysis, lipid biomarkers,
257–258
radiocarbon values, 253F, 253
Santa Ynex, USA, sediment load/yield,
460T
Sargasso Sea
aphotic zone oxygen consumption,
182–183, 183F
copper complexation, 76
helium-3 flux, 186
lead, 274, 277F
production estimates, 187
productivity, 183–184
tritium, 141, 142F
Saturation (of a dissolved gas)
definition, 137
noble gases, 137
Savannah River Plant, 301
SAVE (South Atlantic Ventilation
Experiment), 239–240
Scandium
concentrations in ocean waters, 73T
crustal abundance, 53T
dissolved, 57
depth profile, 58F
properties in seawater, 53T
Scavenging, 204
Scheldt River estuary, Belgium
elemental mercury, 480
enrichment factor, 269–270, 270T
metal pollution, 268, 268T
Schmidt (Prandtl) numbers, 476,
583–584, 595
gas transfer velocity and, dual tracer
release experiments, 178
Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research
(SCOR), 471
SCOR see Scientific Committee on
Oceanic Research (SCOR)
Sea–air partial pressure of CO 2 , 507–509,
508F
Sea lions see Otariinae (sea lions)
Seamount(s)
definition, 335
near-ridge
oceanic crust formation, 357
Seamount phosphorites, 331
Sea of Okhotsk see Okhotsk Sea
Sea surface
net carbon dioxide flux, 507, 509–511,
510F, 511T
sources of error, 511
Sea surface salinity (SSS)
coral-based paleoclimate research, 424T,
425
Sea surface temperature (SST)
coral-based paleoclimate research, 424T,
425
Sea water
major, 14T
minor, 15
ratios, river water vs., 14, 14T
properties of, 81, 83–84, 84F, 86T
chemical composition, 86T
critical point, 83–84, 84F
hydrothermal vent fluid, comparison to,
86–87, 86T
two-phase curve, 83–84, 84F
SEC see South Equatorial Current (SEC)
SECC see South Equatorial
Countercurrent (SECC)
Section inverse models/modeling, 190
nitrate transport, 193F
see also Hydrographic sections
Sediment(s)
cosmogenic isotope concentrations,
228T
Index
627
residence times, 53T
see also Heavy metals
Remineralization
of rare earth elements, 47, 48T, 50
Remotely operated vehicles (ROVs), 299
survey and discovery methods,
hydrothermal vent fluids, chemistry
of, 81–83
see also Manned submersibles (shallow
water)
Remote sensing
iron fertilization experiments, 105
Reproduction
coccolithophores, 405–406
corals, 423
Residence time, 123
definition, 124
Restonguet Creek, Uk, enrichment factor,
269–270, 270T
Rhenium (Re), 64, 67, 71
anoxic sea water, 67
concentrations in ocean waters, 73T
depth profile, 65F, 67
oxic sea water, 67
Rhine estuary, The Netherlands, 459–460
dissolved loads, 462T
enrichment factor, 270T
Rhodium (Rh), 29
commercial demand/utilization, 37F, 37
concentrations
deep earth, 29T
sea water, 29T, 31
vertical profile in sea water, 31F, 31
see also Platinum group elements (PGEs)
Rhodochrosite, 451
Rhyolitic glass, diagenetic reactions,
333T
Ri, definition, 212
Ridge(s)
intermediate-spreading, hydrothermal
vent deposits, 375
River(s)
anthropogenic loading, 489F
carbon transport, 490F
chemical flux to oceans, 485
flow, tritium, 140
metal pollution, 266–267
nitrogen transport, 490F
outflow, coral-based paleoclimate
research, 424T, 426
phosphorus transport, 490F
uranium-thorium series isotope
transport, 214–215
water composition, 486T
River inputs, 457–464
clay minerals, 14
conservative element concentrations in
sea water and, 14–15
dissolved silicate, 535–536, 535F, 536T
dissolved solid load vs. basin area, 461F
floods, impact of, 457, 458
fluvial discharge, 457–458
dissolved solid discharge, 459–460
freshwater discharge, 457–458
to global ocean, 460–461
sediment discharge, 458–459, 459F
see also Habitat modification
fluvial processes, changes in
anthropogenic sources, 461–463
natural sources, 461–463
phosphorus, 569–572, 570T
human impacts, 572
rare earth elements (REEs), 45, 48T
uneven global database, 457
River outflow, coral-based paleoclimate
research, 424T, 426
River runoff
cosmogenic radioisotopes and, 226
River water
anthropogenic impacts on composition,
14–15
composition, 486T
major constituents, 14, 14T
ratios, sea water vs., 14, 14T
Rooth, Claes, 243
ROS see Reactive oxygen species
Ross Sea
biogenic silica studies, 538
ROV see Remotely operated vehicles
(ROVs)
Ruthenium (Ru), 29
concentrations
deep earth, 29T
sea water, 29T
water column distribution, 30–31
see also Platinum group elements (PGEs)
S
St. Lawrence Island
dissolved loads, 462T
Salinity, 5–6
chlorinity and, 13
decrease over time, 6
determination, 13
measurement(s), 13
normal (standard), 13
d
18 O values and, 413–414, 414F
profiles
Atlantic Ocean, 126F
Atlantic Ocean, WOCE section 16,
189F
see also Freshwater flux
Salmo salar (Atlantic salmon) fisheries see
Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)
fisheries
Salween, dissolved loads, 462T
San Petro Shelf, DDT concentrations,
depth profile, 170F
Santa Monica Basin
radiocarbon analysis, lipid biomarkers,
257–258
radiocarbon values, 253F, 253
Santa Ynex, USA, sediment load/yield,
460T
Sargasso Sea
aphotic zone oxygen consumption,
182–183, 183F
copper complexation, 76
helium-3 flux, 186
lead, 274, 277F
production estimates, 187
productivity, 183–184
tritium, 141, 142F
Saturation (of a dissolved gas)
definition, 137
noble gases, 137
Savannah River Plant, 301
SAVE (South Atlantic Ventilation
Experiment), 239–240
Scandium
concentrations in ocean waters, 73T
crustal abundance, 53T
dissolved, 57
depth profile, 58F
properties in seawater, 53T
Scavenging, 204
Scheldt River estuary, Belgium
elemental mercury, 480
enrichment factor, 269–270, 270T
metal pollution, 268, 268T
Schmidt (Prandtl) numbers, 476,
583–584, 595
gas transfer velocity and, dual tracer
release experiments, 178
Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research
(SCOR), 471
SCOR see Scientific Committee on
Oceanic Research (SCOR)
Sea–air partial pressure of CO 2 , 507–509,
508F
Sea lions see Otariinae (sea lions)
Seamount(s)
definition, 335
near-ridge
oceanic crust formation, 357
Seamount phosphorites, 331
Sea of Okhotsk see Okhotsk Sea
Sea surface
net carbon dioxide flux, 507, 509–511,
510F, 511T
sources of error, 511
Sea surface salinity (SSS)
coral-based paleoclimate research, 424T,
425
Sea surface temperature (SST)
coral-based paleoclimate research, 424T,
425
Sea water
major, 14T
minor, 15
ratios, river water vs., 14, 14T
properties of, 81, 83–84, 84F, 86T
chemical composition, 86T
critical point, 83–84, 84F
hydrothermal vent fluid, comparison to,
86–87, 86T
two-phase curve, 83–84, 84F
SEC see South Equatorial Current (SEC)
SECC see South Equatorial
Countercurrent (SECC)
Section inverse models/modeling, 190
nitrate transport, 193F
see also Hydrographic sections
Sediment(s)
cosmogenic isotope concentrations,
228T
Index
627