Pycnocline
diapycnal diffusivity, 176
Pyrite, 449–450
diagenesis, 381
Q
Quaternary sediments, clay minerals, 352
degradation, 351F
R
Radioactive wastes, 298–305
accidental releases, 301–302
anthropogenic radioactivity, inputs,
303–304, 304
discharges to sea, 299–301
disposal at sea, 298–299, 298T, 299F
examples of, 300F
sources, 298–299
nuclear accidents, 302–303
nuclear weapon tests, fallout from,
302–303
Radioactivity
discovery, 298
Radiocarbon (carbon-14,
14 C), 235–250
activity ratio relative, 236
Air–sea gas exchange, 248–249
allochthonous, 252
anthropogenic, 236
application, 238
atmospheric, 235
historical recordings, 237F, 237
history, 235F, 235
production rate, 235
testing, 236
bomb produced, 236
bottom waters, 196F
circulation tracer, 514–515, 515
cosmogenic, 225
production rates, 227T
decay rate, 235, 236
deep ocean mixing, 244–245
definition, 521
d
14
C, coral-based paleoclimate records,
424T, 430, 431
decadal variability, 428
upwelling, 425–426
dissolved inorganic carbon and,
519–520, 519F
distribution for large-scale circulation,
240–243
features, 235
fractionation, 236
Global Climate Models and, 519–520,
519F
implications for large-scale circulation,
240–243
incubation, 181
inverse modeling, 195–198
measurement techniques, 237–238
natural, 235
and bomb components, separation of,
243–244, 244F
ocean models, calibration, 245–248
oceanographic applications, 244
oxygen utilization rate, 245, 246F
primary application, 235
residence time, 244–245
sampling
history, 238–240
techniques, 237–238
sediments, sources, 251–252
thermocline ventilation rate, 248–249,
249F
tracer applications, 230T
advantages, 232
tracer as, 188
tracing applications, 251
ventilation rate, 244–245
Radiocarbon age, 252–253
reservoir age, 253
Radiocarbon carbon dioxide (
14 CO 2 ),
235
Radioisotopes
advantages as tracers, 229
Radioisotope tracers
geochemical sections and, 231
Radiolarians
skeletons, as biogenic silica in marine
sediments, 538–539
Radionuclides
anthropogenic, sources of, 294
naturally occurring, activity of, 292
Radium, 210–211, 303
223 Ra, 211
226 Ra, 210
228 Ra, 210, 211F
barium ratio, 223F
concentration depth profile, 222F
deep water of Pacific and Atlantic, 222F
depth profile, 222F
distance from coast and, 222F
distribution, seawater, 221–222
off Carolina coast, 221F
fluvial transport, 215
groundwater flux and, 469–471, 470F
isotopes, 221–222
surface water, distribution in, 209, 210F
tracer applications, 221
Radon (Rn)
bottom water, distribution in, 209–210,
210F
gas exchange in estuaries, 477
groundwater flux and, 470, 471
vs. seepage meter, 471F
Radon-222 (
222 Rn), 211–212
bottom water profile, 220F
radium-226 ratio, 220–221
Rain
d
18 O values, 412, 413F
Rare earth elements (REEs), 39F, 39–51
history, 40
inputs into ocean, 45–47, 48T
atmospheric flux, 46–47, 48T
remineralization flux, 47, 48T, 50
riverine flux, 45, 48T
ionic radii, 39, 41T
isotopes, 40
mean oceanic residence times, 47–50,
48T
equation, 49
normalization, 40, 41T
North Pacific Deep Water (NPDW),
40, 41T
Post-Arcean Australian Sedimentary
rocks (PAAS), 40, 41T
oceanic distributions, 40–41, 42F, 44T
vertical profiles, 41, 44F, 48
particle reactivity, 40–41, 44T, 46F,
47–50, 50
patterns, 41–42, 45F
fractionation between particles and
sea water, 42, 46F
North Pacific Deep Water (NPDW)normalized, 42, 45F, 46F
surface water comparisons, 46–47,
49F, 50
Post-Arcean Australian Sedimentary
rocks (PAAS)-normalized, 42, 45F
sea water concentrations, 40, 41T
shale concentrations, 40, 41T
Rayleigh Distillation Model, 412F, 412,
413F
Rayleigh models, nitrogen isotopes, 550F,
550
Raymo, M E, 525
Reaction-diffusion, pore water profile,
387F
Reactive oxygen species (ROS), 89–91
Redfield ratio, 100, 514, 574, 574F
see also Carbon cycle; Nutrient(s);
Phosphorus cycle
Redfield stoichiometry, definition, 481
Redox, definition, 335
Redox chemistry
equilibrium constant, 447
estuarine sediments, 446
measurement, 452
nutrient cycles and, 453–455
particulates and, 452
principal reactions, 448T
pore water, 384T, 385–386
Red Sea Atlantis II Deep, hydrothermal
reactions and conservative
elements in sea water, 15F, 15
Reduction
electron affinity, 448F
sulfate and, 449–451
REEs see Rare earth elements (REEs)
Refractory metals, 52–63
concentration in seawater, 53T, 54F
crustal abundance, 53T
crustal abundance vs. oceanic
concentration, 54F
distribution, 52–55
aluminum, 52, 54–55
bismuth, 60–61
gallium, 55–56
hafnium, 58–59
indium, 56–57
iron, 59–60
niobium, 59
scandium, 57
tantalum, 59
thorium, 61
titanium, 57–58
zirconium, 58–59
626
Index
diapycnal diffusivity, 176
Pyrite, 449–450
diagenesis, 381
Q
Quaternary sediments, clay minerals, 352
degradation, 351F
R
Radioactive wastes, 298–305
accidental releases, 301–302
anthropogenic radioactivity, inputs,
303–304, 304
discharges to sea, 299–301
disposal at sea, 298–299, 298T, 299F
examples of, 300F
sources, 298–299
nuclear accidents, 302–303
nuclear weapon tests, fallout from,
302–303
Radioactivity
discovery, 298
Radiocarbon (carbon-14,
14 C), 235–250
activity ratio relative, 236
Air–sea gas exchange, 248–249
allochthonous, 252
anthropogenic, 236
application, 238
atmospheric, 235
historical recordings, 237F, 237
history, 235F, 235
production rate, 235
testing, 236
bomb produced, 236
bottom waters, 196F
circulation tracer, 514–515, 515
cosmogenic, 225
production rates, 227T
decay rate, 235, 236
deep ocean mixing, 244–245
definition, 521
d
14
C, coral-based paleoclimate records,
424T, 430, 431
decadal variability, 428
upwelling, 425–426
dissolved inorganic carbon and,
519–520, 519F
distribution for large-scale circulation,
240–243
features, 235
fractionation, 236
Global Climate Models and, 519–520,
519F
implications for large-scale circulation,
240–243
incubation, 181
inverse modeling, 195–198
measurement techniques, 237–238
natural, 235
and bomb components, separation of,
243–244, 244F
ocean models, calibration, 245–248
oceanographic applications, 244
oxygen utilization rate, 245, 246F
primary application, 235
residence time, 244–245
sampling
history, 238–240
techniques, 237–238
sediments, sources, 251–252
thermocline ventilation rate, 248–249,
249F
tracer applications, 230T
advantages, 232
tracer as, 188
tracing applications, 251
ventilation rate, 244–245
Radiocarbon age, 252–253
reservoir age, 253
Radiocarbon carbon dioxide (
14 CO 2 ),
235
Radioisotopes
advantages as tracers, 229
Radioisotope tracers
geochemical sections and, 231
Radiolarians
skeletons, as biogenic silica in marine
sediments, 538–539
Radionuclides
anthropogenic, sources of, 294
naturally occurring, activity of, 292
Radium, 210–211, 303
223 Ra, 211
226 Ra, 210
228 Ra, 210, 211F
barium ratio, 223F
concentration depth profile, 222F
deep water of Pacific and Atlantic, 222F
depth profile, 222F
distance from coast and, 222F
distribution, seawater, 221–222
off Carolina coast, 221F
fluvial transport, 215
groundwater flux and, 469–471, 470F
isotopes, 221–222
surface water, distribution in, 209, 210F
tracer applications, 221
Radon (Rn)
bottom water, distribution in, 209–210,
210F
gas exchange in estuaries, 477
groundwater flux and, 470, 471
vs. seepage meter, 471F
Radon-222 (
222 Rn), 211–212
bottom water profile, 220F
radium-226 ratio, 220–221
Rain
d
18 O values, 412, 413F
Rare earth elements (REEs), 39F, 39–51
history, 40
inputs into ocean, 45–47, 48T
atmospheric flux, 46–47, 48T
remineralization flux, 47, 48T, 50
riverine flux, 45, 48T
ionic radii, 39, 41T
isotopes, 40
mean oceanic residence times, 47–50,
48T
equation, 49
normalization, 40, 41T
North Pacific Deep Water (NPDW),
40, 41T
Post-Arcean Australian Sedimentary
rocks (PAAS), 40, 41T
oceanic distributions, 40–41, 42F, 44T
vertical profiles, 41, 44F, 48
particle reactivity, 40–41, 44T, 46F,
47–50, 50
patterns, 41–42, 45F
fractionation between particles and
sea water, 42, 46F
North Pacific Deep Water (NPDW)normalized, 42, 45F, 46F
surface water comparisons, 46–47,
49F, 50
Post-Arcean Australian Sedimentary
rocks (PAAS)-normalized, 42, 45F
sea water concentrations, 40, 41T
shale concentrations, 40, 41T
Rayleigh Distillation Model, 412F, 412,
413F
Rayleigh models, nitrogen isotopes, 550F,
550
Raymo, M E, 525
Reaction-diffusion, pore water profile,
387F
Reactive oxygen species (ROS), 89–91
Redfield ratio, 100, 514, 574, 574F
see also Carbon cycle; Nutrient(s);
Phosphorus cycle
Redfield stoichiometry, definition, 481
Redox, definition, 335
Redox chemistry
equilibrium constant, 447
estuarine sediments, 446
measurement, 452
nutrient cycles and, 453–455
particulates and, 452
principal reactions, 448T
pore water, 384T, 385–386
Red Sea Atlantis II Deep, hydrothermal
reactions and conservative
elements in sea water, 15F, 15
Reduction
electron affinity, 448F
sulfate and, 449–451
REEs see Rare earth elements (REEs)
Refractory metals, 52–63
concentration in seawater, 53T, 54F
crustal abundance, 53T
crustal abundance vs. oceanic
concentration, 54F
distribution, 52–55
aluminum, 52, 54–55
bismuth, 60–61
gallium, 55–56
hafnium, 58–59
indium, 56–57
iron, 59–60
niobium, 59
scandium, 57
tantalum, 59
thorium, 61
titanium, 57–58
zirconium, 58–59
626
Index