microbial activity, 93
PDM see Particulate detrital matter
(POM)
see also Microbial loops; Network
analysis of food webs
production
low molecular weight organic
compounds, 91–92
reactive oxygen species, 89–91
trace gases, 91–92
trace metal, 92–95
Photolysis, colored dissolved organic
matter, effects of, 93
Photolytic dissociation, loss of water from
Earth’s surface, 4, 6
Photons
colored dissolved organic matter, 92
Photo-oxidation, 91–92
Photosynthesis, 89
carbon flux and, 183
corals, 423–424, 425–426
equation, 499–501
phytoplankton see Phytoplankton
see also Network analysis of food webs;
Primary production; Primary
production distribution; Primary
production measurement methods;
Primary production processes
Phycobiliproteins, 114–115
Phyllosilicate, 335
Phytoplankton
absorption spectra, 90F
arsenic detoxification, 68–69
fixed nitrogen assimilation, 553–554
high-nitrate, high-chlorophyll (HNHC)
regimes, 101–102, 101T
low-nitrate, high-chlorophyll (LNHC)
regimes, 101–102, 101T, 102F
low-nitrate, low-chlorophyll (LNLC)
regimes, 101–102, 101T
nitrate assimilation, 555
nitrate uptake, 557F
nitrogen cycle and, 542T
see also Nitrogen cycle
nutrient(s)
requirements, 100–101
Pillow lava, 355–356, 356F, 357, 359F
Piston velocity, 507
Planetary degassing, origin of oceans, 3
Plankton
production
conservative element concentrations
in sea water and, 13–14
stoichiometry, 13–14
Planktonic foraminifera
d
18
O records, 414–415, 415–416, 418
benthic foraminifers vs., 416F, 416,
417F
long-term patterns, 416F, 417–418,
417F
Platinum (Pt), 29
anthropogenic release into environment,
37F, 37
commercial demand/utilization, 37F, 37
concentrations
deep earth, 29T
sea water, 29T, 32
vertical profiles in sea water, 3235F
Platinum group elements (PGEs), 29–38
anthropogenic release into marine
environment, 37–38, 37F
commercial demand, 37F, 37
low concentrations in sea water, 29–30,
29T, 38
deep earth vs., 29–30, 29T, 30F
osmium see Osmium (Os)
palladium see Palladium (Pd)
research, 32–34
tracing of extraterrestrial material in
marine sediments, 34–37, 36F
rhodium see Rhodium
ruthenium see Ruthenium
solubility, 30F, 30
water column data, 30–31, 38
Pleistocene
glacial cycles, 436
oxygen isotope variations, 414–415,
416F
Pliocene
glacial cycles, 436
d
18 O records, 416F, 419F, 420
Plutonium
isotopes, nuclear fuel reprocessing, 293T
PN see Particulate nitrogen (PN)
PNM (primary NO 2 , maximum),
546–547, 547F
Polar Front
biogenic silica burial, 536–537
Polarization, electric see Electrical
properties of sea water
Pollutants
atmospheric input, 281–290
estimation of, 281
Pollution
marine organisms, 117
metal affects in food web, 265–266
Polonium-210 (
210 Po), 209
chlorophyll concentration and, 219F,
219
dissolved, distribution, 218–220
lead-210 ratio, 219F, 219
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 163
contamination, marine organisms, 169,
169T
environmental concerns, 163
history, 165
human health concerns, 163, 165
Mussel Watch Stations, 171F, 172
structure, 164F
surface seawater, 166, 167F, 169F
time trends, 173F
Pore water chemistry, 381–389
applications, 381
benthic exchange rate estimation, 382
fossil water recovery, 382
mineral stability assessment, 381
reaction site identification, 381–382
sedimentary record interpretation,
382
data interpretation, 388
assumptions, 388
example profiles, 387F
diagenetic processes, 383–385
adsorption/desorption, 386
advection, 386
biogeochemical zonation and,
383–385
boundary conditions, 388
chemical reactions, 385–386
diffusion, 386
irrigation, 383, 386–388
modeling, 381–382, 385–386
limitations, 382–383
artifacts, 382, 383, 383T
assumptions, 383
sampling resolution, 383
stoichiometry, 383
redox reactions, 384T
sampling techniques, 382
in situ, 382
sensitivity, 381
Potassium (K
+ )
concentrations
river water, 14T, 486T
sea water, 14T
determination, 13
Practical Salinity Scale (PSS-78)
definition, 481
Prawns see Shrimps/prawns
Precession (orbital)
equinoxes, 433, 437
Precipitation
effect on d
18 O values, 412F, 412
Preparative capillary gas chromatography,
257F
example series, 257F
radiocarbon analysis and, 255–256
Preservation stratigraphy, 342
Primary nitrite maximum (PNM),
545–546, 547F
see also Nitrogen cycle
Primary NO 2 , maximum, 546–547, 547F
Primary production
definition, 181
nitrogen cycle and, 547–548, 548F
‘Primordial’ helium, 147
Productivity
nitrogen cycle and, 547–548, 548F
Productivity tracer techniques, 181–187
aphotic zone oxygen consumption,
182–183
comparison, 187, 187T
euphotic zone mass budgets, 183–185
overview of techniques, 181–182
tracer flux-gauge determinations,
185–187
see also Tracer(s)
Protactinium-231 (
231 Pa), 207–208
Protactinium/thorium ratio, 123–124
Proximal continental shelf, 488
Proxy tracers, 123
necessary characteristics, 123
Prymnesiophytes
lipid biomarkers, 254F
c (focusing factor), definition, 212
Pteropods
calcium carbonate formation, 336–337
Purposeful tracer experiment, 234
Index
625
PDM see Particulate detrital matter
(POM)
see also Microbial loops; Network
analysis of food webs
production
low molecular weight organic
compounds, 91–92
reactive oxygen species, 89–91
trace gases, 91–92
trace metal, 92–95
Photolysis, colored dissolved organic
matter, effects of, 93
Photolytic dissociation, loss of water from
Earth’s surface, 4, 6
Photons
colored dissolved organic matter, 92
Photo-oxidation, 91–92
Photosynthesis, 89
carbon flux and, 183
corals, 423–424, 425–426
equation, 499–501
phytoplankton see Phytoplankton
see also Network analysis of food webs;
Primary production; Primary
production distribution; Primary
production measurement methods;
Primary production processes
Phycobiliproteins, 114–115
Phyllosilicate, 335
Phytoplankton
absorption spectra, 90F
arsenic detoxification, 68–69
fixed nitrogen assimilation, 553–554
high-nitrate, high-chlorophyll (HNHC)
regimes, 101–102, 101T
low-nitrate, high-chlorophyll (LNHC)
regimes, 101–102, 101T, 102F
low-nitrate, low-chlorophyll (LNLC)
regimes, 101–102, 101T
nitrate assimilation, 555
nitrate uptake, 557F
nitrogen cycle and, 542T
see also Nitrogen cycle
nutrient(s)
requirements, 100–101
Pillow lava, 355–356, 356F, 357, 359F
Piston velocity, 507
Planetary degassing, origin of oceans, 3
Plankton
production
conservative element concentrations
in sea water and, 13–14
stoichiometry, 13–14
Planktonic foraminifera
d
18
O records, 414–415, 415–416, 418
benthic foraminifers vs., 416F, 416,
417F
long-term patterns, 416F, 417–418,
417F
Platinum (Pt), 29
anthropogenic release into environment,
37F, 37
commercial demand/utilization, 37F, 37
concentrations
deep earth, 29T
sea water, 29T, 32
vertical profiles in sea water, 3235F
Platinum group elements (PGEs), 29–38
anthropogenic release into marine
environment, 37–38, 37F
commercial demand, 37F, 37
low concentrations in sea water, 29–30,
29T, 38
deep earth vs., 29–30, 29T, 30F
osmium see Osmium (Os)
palladium see Palladium (Pd)
research, 32–34
tracing of extraterrestrial material in
marine sediments, 34–37, 36F
rhodium see Rhodium
ruthenium see Ruthenium
solubility, 30F, 30
water column data, 30–31, 38
Pleistocene
glacial cycles, 436
oxygen isotope variations, 414–415,
416F
Pliocene
glacial cycles, 436
d
18 O records, 416F, 419F, 420
Plutonium
isotopes, nuclear fuel reprocessing, 293T
PN see Particulate nitrogen (PN)
PNM (primary NO 2 , maximum),
546–547, 547F
Polar Front
biogenic silica burial, 536–537
Polarization, electric see Electrical
properties of sea water
Pollutants
atmospheric input, 281–290
estimation of, 281
Pollution
marine organisms, 117
metal affects in food web, 265–266
Polonium-210 (
210 Po), 209
chlorophyll concentration and, 219F,
219
dissolved, distribution, 218–220
lead-210 ratio, 219F, 219
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 163
contamination, marine organisms, 169,
169T
environmental concerns, 163
history, 165
human health concerns, 163, 165
Mussel Watch Stations, 171F, 172
structure, 164F
surface seawater, 166, 167F, 169F
time trends, 173F
Pore water chemistry, 381–389
applications, 381
benthic exchange rate estimation, 382
fossil water recovery, 382
mineral stability assessment, 381
reaction site identification, 381–382
sedimentary record interpretation,
382
data interpretation, 388
assumptions, 388
example profiles, 387F
diagenetic processes, 383–385
adsorption/desorption, 386
advection, 386
biogeochemical zonation and,
383–385
boundary conditions, 388
chemical reactions, 385–386
diffusion, 386
irrigation, 383, 386–388
modeling, 381–382, 385–386
limitations, 382–383
artifacts, 382, 383, 383T
assumptions, 383
sampling resolution, 383
stoichiometry, 383
redox reactions, 384T
sampling techniques, 382
in situ, 382
sensitivity, 381
Potassium (K
+ )
concentrations
river water, 14T, 486T
sea water, 14T
determination, 13
Practical Salinity Scale (PSS-78)
definition, 481
Prawns see Shrimps/prawns
Precession (orbital)
equinoxes, 433, 437
Precipitation
effect on d
18 O values, 412F, 412
Preparative capillary gas chromatography,
257F
example series, 257F
radiocarbon analysis and, 255–256
Preservation stratigraphy, 342
Primary nitrite maximum (PNM),
545–546, 547F
see also Nitrogen cycle
Primary NO 2 , maximum, 546–547, 547F
Primary production
definition, 181
nitrogen cycle and, 547–548, 548F
‘Primordial’ helium, 147
Productivity
nitrogen cycle and, 547–548, 548F
Productivity tracer techniques, 181–187
aphotic zone oxygen consumption,
182–183
comparison, 187, 187T
euphotic zone mass budgets, 183–185
overview of techniques, 181–182
tracer flux-gauge determinations,
185–187
see also Tracer(s)
Protactinium-231 (
231 Pa), 207–208
Protactinium/thorium ratio, 123–124
Proximal continental shelf, 488
Proxy tracers, 123
necessary characteristics, 123
Prymnesiophytes
lipid biomarkers, 254F
c (focusing factor), definition, 212
Pteropods
calcium carbonate formation, 336–337
Purposeful tracer experiment, 234
Index
625