Pacific Ocean (continued)
thorium-228 distribution, 217F
trace metal isotope ratios, 125
beryllium, 132F
uranium isotope ratio depth profile,
216F
volcanic helium, 144–145, 144F,
149
Paleocurrent reconstructions, clay
minerals, 353
PALK method, natural radiocarbon, 244,
245F
Palladium (Pd), 29
anthropogenic release into environment,
37F, 37
commercial demand/utilization, 37F, 37
concentrations
deep earth, 29T
N. Atlantic and N. Pacific waters, 73T
sea water, 29T
vertical profile in sea water, 31
see also Platinum group elements (PGEs)
Palladium-231
concentration depth profile, 218F
dissolved, distribution, 218–220
uranium-235 activity ratio, 218–219
Palygorskite, 333–335
Panamanian Isthmus see Isthmus of
Panama
Parana/Uruguay
dissolved loads, 462T
river discharge, 458T
Partial pressure of atmospheric carbon
dioxide (PCO 2 ), 497
Cenozoic
decreased, 523, 524–525, 525
Raymo’s hypothesis, 525
reconstructions, 523F, 523
Henry’s law, 497–498
response to changes in sea water
properties, 497–498, 498F
sea–air, 507–509, 508F
see also Carbon dioxide (CO 2 )
Partial pressure of CO 2 of ocean water
(pCO 2 )sw, 506
seasonal effects, 509
‘skin’ temperature, 507
Partial pressures chlorofluorocarbons
(pCFC), age calculations, 157–158
Partial Test Ban Treaty, 236
Particle(s)
elemental distribution and, 10–12
flux
investigated by uranium-thorium
decay series, 212T
Particulate detrital matter (POM)
absorption spectra, 90F
definition, 90–91
photochemical processes, 89
Particulate nitrogen (PN), 549–550
isotope ratios, 559–560, 561F
depth profile, 560–561
sinking, 560–561
Particulate organic carbon (POC)
biological pump contribution, 499–501
dissolved organic carbon vs., 502–503
depth profile, 259F
inverse modeling, 197F, 198
Particulate organic nitrogen (PON), 541
decomposition, 542–543, 543F
depth distribution, 544–545, 546F
see also Nitrogen cycle
231 Pa xs , definition, 212
PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls) see
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)
PCGC see Preparative capillary gas
chromatography
P D , definition, 212
Pe (electron affinity), 446–448
Peclet number, 386
Pedogenesis, definition, 335
Peedee formation, 566
Peepers, 382
Pelagic, definition, 335
Pelecanus occidentalis see Brown pelican
Penguins see Sphenisciformes (penguins)
Pentachlorobiphenyls, structure, 164F
Peridinium, 119F
Peridotite, definition, 356–357
Perihelion, 434–435
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs), 165
Pertechnetate, 301
Petagrams, 505
PGEs see Platinum group elements (PGEs)
pH
effect of carbon, 315–316, 316F
effects on dissolved inorganic carbon,
409
electron affinity and, 447
of sea water, coral-based paleoclimate
research, 424T, 426
Phalaropus lobatus see Red-necked
phalarope
Phanerozoic
rocks, phosphorite deposits, 330–331
strontium isotope ratio variation,
126–129, 128F
Phase partitioning, noble gases, 136T
Phillipsite, 332–333
diagenetic reactions, 333T
Phosphate (PO 4 3
À )
profile
Atlantic Ocean, WOCE section 16,
189F
proxy tracers, 123–124
see also Cadmium/calcium ratio
in sea water
nitrate vs., 101F, 101
Phosphate oxygen isotopes (d
18
O–PO 4 ),
in marine phosphorus research,
573–575, 578
Phosphorite deposits, 329–331
composition, 330
formation, 330
insular, 331
Phanerozoic rocks, 330–331
Phosphorus (P)
accumulation in sediments through
Cenozoic, 527–528, 528F
biological role, 567
coastal fluxes, 490F
cosmogenic isotopes, 226T
biodynamic tracer applications, 231,
232
reservoir concentrations, 228T
fertilizers, application levels, 489F
isotopes (
32 P and
33
P)
as tracers of phosphorus cycling in
surface waters, 575–576, 577T, 578
limitation
nitrogen vs., 101, 101F, 573–574
research, 574F, 575–576, 575T
oceanic residence time, research,
576–577, 578, 578T
solid-phase, estuarine depth profile,
454F
subterranean estuaries, 473
Phosphorus-32
cosmogenic
oceanic sources, 227T
production rate, 227T
as tracers of phosphorus cycling in
surface waters, 575–576, 577T, 578
Phosphorus-33
cosmogenic, production rate, 227T
as tracers of phosphorus cycling in
surface waters, 575–576, 577T, 578
Phosphorus cycle, 568F, 567–579
carbon cycle and, 577
human impacts, 572
marine, 568F, 572–573
marine, research, 567, 573, 578
cosmogenic
32 P and
33 P as tracers,
575–576, 577T, 578
links to other biogeochemical cycles,
577–578, 578
long time-scale cycling, 575–576
oceanic residence time of phosphorus,
576–577, 578, 578T
phosphate oxygen isotopes in,
573–575, 578
reevaluation of phosphorus role as
limiting nutrient, 574F, 575–576,
575T
reservoirs, 569T
associated residence times, 569T
fluxes between, 570T, 572–573, 578T
sizes, 569T
terrestrial, 567–569, 568F, 569T, 572F
chemical weathering in, 567, 568F
transport of phosphorus from continents
to ocean, 569–572, 570T
riverine, 569–572
see also Carbon cycle; Nitrogen cycle;
Redfield ratio
Photochemistry
consumption
low molecular weight organic
compounds, 91–92
trace gases, 91–92
photochemical fluxes, global estimation,
96–98
processes, 89–99
abiotic constituents, optical
properties, 89
calculations, 95
CDOM see Colored dissolved organic
matter (CDOM)
624
Index
thorium-228 distribution, 217F
trace metal isotope ratios, 125
beryllium, 132F
uranium isotope ratio depth profile,
216F
volcanic helium, 144–145, 144F,
149
Paleocurrent reconstructions, clay
minerals, 353
PALK method, natural radiocarbon, 244,
245F
Palladium (Pd), 29
anthropogenic release into environment,
37F, 37
commercial demand/utilization, 37F, 37
concentrations
deep earth, 29T
N. Atlantic and N. Pacific waters, 73T
sea water, 29T
vertical profile in sea water, 31
see also Platinum group elements (PGEs)
Palladium-231
concentration depth profile, 218F
dissolved, distribution, 218–220
uranium-235 activity ratio, 218–219
Palygorskite, 333–335
Panamanian Isthmus see Isthmus of
Panama
Parana/Uruguay
dissolved loads, 462T
river discharge, 458T
Partial pressure of atmospheric carbon
dioxide (PCO 2 ), 497
Cenozoic
decreased, 523, 524–525, 525
Raymo’s hypothesis, 525
reconstructions, 523F, 523
Henry’s law, 497–498
response to changes in sea water
properties, 497–498, 498F
sea–air, 507–509, 508F
see also Carbon dioxide (CO 2 )
Partial pressure of CO 2 of ocean water
(pCO 2 )sw, 506
seasonal effects, 509
‘skin’ temperature, 507
Partial pressures chlorofluorocarbons
(pCFC), age calculations, 157–158
Partial Test Ban Treaty, 236
Particle(s)
elemental distribution and, 10–12
flux
investigated by uranium-thorium
decay series, 212T
Particulate detrital matter (POM)
absorption spectra, 90F
definition, 90–91
photochemical processes, 89
Particulate nitrogen (PN), 549–550
isotope ratios, 559–560, 561F
depth profile, 560–561
sinking, 560–561
Particulate organic carbon (POC)
biological pump contribution, 499–501
dissolved organic carbon vs., 502–503
depth profile, 259F
inverse modeling, 197F, 198
Particulate organic nitrogen (PON), 541
decomposition, 542–543, 543F
depth distribution, 544–545, 546F
see also Nitrogen cycle
231 Pa xs , definition, 212
PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls) see
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)
PCGC see Preparative capillary gas
chromatography
P D , definition, 212
Pe (electron affinity), 446–448
Peclet number, 386
Pedogenesis, definition, 335
Peedee formation, 566
Peepers, 382
Pelagic, definition, 335
Pelecanus occidentalis see Brown pelican
Penguins see Sphenisciformes (penguins)
Pentachlorobiphenyls, structure, 164F
Peridinium, 119F
Peridotite, definition, 356–357
Perihelion, 434–435
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs), 165
Pertechnetate, 301
Petagrams, 505
PGEs see Platinum group elements (PGEs)
pH
effect of carbon, 315–316, 316F
effects on dissolved inorganic carbon,
409
electron affinity and, 447
of sea water, coral-based paleoclimate
research, 424T, 426
Phalaropus lobatus see Red-necked
phalarope
Phanerozoic
rocks, phosphorite deposits, 330–331
strontium isotope ratio variation,
126–129, 128F
Phase partitioning, noble gases, 136T
Phillipsite, 332–333
diagenetic reactions, 333T
Phosphate (PO 4 3
À )
profile
Atlantic Ocean, WOCE section 16,
189F
proxy tracers, 123–124
see also Cadmium/calcium ratio
in sea water
nitrate vs., 101F, 101
Phosphate oxygen isotopes (d
18
O–PO 4 ),
in marine phosphorus research,
573–575, 578
Phosphorite deposits, 329–331
composition, 330
formation, 330
insular, 331
Phanerozoic rocks, 330–331
Phosphorus (P)
accumulation in sediments through
Cenozoic, 527–528, 528F
biological role, 567
coastal fluxes, 490F
cosmogenic isotopes, 226T
biodynamic tracer applications, 231,
232
reservoir concentrations, 228T
fertilizers, application levels, 489F
isotopes (
32 P and
33
P)
as tracers of phosphorus cycling in
surface waters, 575–576, 577T, 578
limitation
nitrogen vs., 101, 101F, 573–574
research, 574F, 575–576, 575T
oceanic residence time, research,
576–577, 578, 578T
solid-phase, estuarine depth profile,
454F
subterranean estuaries, 473
Phosphorus-32
cosmogenic
oceanic sources, 227T
production rate, 227T
as tracers of phosphorus cycling in
surface waters, 575–576, 577T, 578
Phosphorus-33
cosmogenic, production rate, 227T
as tracers of phosphorus cycling in
surface waters, 575–576, 577T, 578
Phosphorus cycle, 568F, 567–579
carbon cycle and, 577
human impacts, 572
marine, 568F, 572–573
marine, research, 567, 573, 578
cosmogenic
32 P and
33 P as tracers,
575–576, 577T, 578
links to other biogeochemical cycles,
577–578, 578
long time-scale cycling, 575–576
oceanic residence time of phosphorus,
576–577, 578, 578T
phosphate oxygen isotopes in,
573–575, 578
reevaluation of phosphorus role as
limiting nutrient, 574F, 575–576,
575T
reservoirs, 569T
associated residence times, 569T
fluxes between, 570T, 572–573, 578T
sizes, 569T
terrestrial, 567–569, 568F, 569T, 572F
chemical weathering in, 567, 568F
transport of phosphorus from continents
to ocean, 569–572, 570T
riverine, 569–572
see also Carbon cycle; Nitrogen cycle;
Redfield ratio
Photochemistry
consumption
low molecular weight organic
compounds, 91–92
trace gases, 91–92
photochemical fluxes, global estimation,
96–98
processes, 89–99
abiotic constituents, optical
properties, 89
calculations, 95
CDOM see Colored dissolved organic
matter (CDOM)
624
Index