Open ocean
atmospheric deposition, 285–287
metals, 285–287, 286T, 287F
nitrogen species, 287–288, 287T,
289F
synthetic organic compounds,
288–289, 289T
chlorinated hydrocarbons, 166–167
Ophiolites
definition, 357
hydrothermal vent deposits, 374, 379,
379–380
Optical oceanography see Ocean optics
Optical systems, zooplankton sampling
see Optical Plankton Counter
(OPC); Zooplankton sampling
Orbit (Earth)
aphelion, 434–435
clay mineral composition and, 352,
354T
Earth, glacial cycles and, 434–436
perihelion, 434–435
Organic carbon (OC)
global reservoirs, 251F
subcycle, Cenozoic, 526–528, 527F
total, river water, 486T
Organic matter
barite and, 331–332
Organic nitrogen (ON)
total, 559
Organochlorines, 163
Organohalogens, Air–sea transfer,
587–588
Organometallic compounds, 75
Origin of oceans, 3–6
composition see Composition of oceans
development/Earth’s acquisition of, 3–4
argon isotopes, 3, 4F
established feature or degassing
supply, 3
helium isotopes, 3, 4F
initial presence of water, 4
meteoric origin of water, 3
planetary degassing, 3, 4F
Rubey’s excess volatiles, 3, 3T
slow growth with time, 3
water present at Earth’s formation, 5
future of the oceans, 6
decrease by photolysis of water vapor,
6
less subduction of hydrated crust, 6
steady state of water supply, 6
loss of water from Earth’s surface, 4–5
abundant oxygen inhibits
dissociation, 4
oxidation of mantle, 5
oxidation of planet, 5
photolytic dissociation, 4
sources of water, 5
capture from solar nebula, 5F, 5
claims of blocks of cometary ice, 5
cometary impacts, 5
neon isotopes, 5F, 5
Orinoco River
discharge, 458T
sediment load/yield, 460T
Osmium (Os), 29, 64, 67–68, 71
concentration
deep earth, 29T
N. Atlantic and N. Pacific waters, 73T
sea water, 29T, 32T
vertical profiles, 31–32, 33F, 66F,
67–68
isotope(s)
geochemistry, 32–34, 36T
ratio, in sea water, 33F, 34, 36T
isotope ratios
global distribution, 127F
incongruent release, 133T
time series, 129F
long-term tracer properties, 124T,
130–131
in sewage, 278
source materials, isotope ratios, 125T
see also Platinum group elements (PGEs)
O ¨ stlund, Go ¨ te, 243
Ostracods
hypoxia, 311
Oxic layer, estuarine sediments, 445
Oxidants, estuarine sediments, 447T
organic matter, 448–449
relative free energy yields, 448–449,
449F
Oxidation
FeOOH, 454F
organic matter, 448–449
Oxyanions, trace elements, 64–71
chemical speciation, 64
Oxygen (O 2 ), 447T
abundance, limiting loss of water from
Earth’s surface, 4
cycle
phosphorus cycle and, 577–578
depth profiles, estuarine sediments, 451F
estuaries, gas exchange in, 479
isotope ratios see Oxygen isotope ratio
isotopes, 564–565
profile
Atlantic Ocean, WOCE section 16,
189F
as radioisotope source, 226
reduction in pore water, 384T
seasonal depth profile, Bermuda,
184F
tracer applications, 136–137
Oxygen isotope ratio (d
18 O), 564
calcium carbon content and, 343F
Cenozoic records, 415–418, 419F
caveats, 421
foraminiferal, 415–416, 416F, 417F
‘greenhouse world’, 418
‘ice house world’, 418–420
clay mineral composition and, 353F
clouds (values), 412F, 412, 413F
coral-based paleoclimate records,
424–425, 424T, 426
climate trends, 428, 428–430, 429F
El Nin ˜ o Southern Oscillation,
426–427
seasonal variation, 426
temperature and salinity
reconstructions, 425
depth profile, 560F
determination, 411
effects of evaporation, 412F, 412
effects of precipitation, 412F, 412
glacial cycles and, 434, 436
ocean values, 413–414, 414F
deep, 411
ice sheet effects, 414–415
surface, 411
paleothermometry, 411–412
equation, 411–412
rain (values), 412, 413F
reporting standards, 411
salinity and, 413–414, 414F
snow (values), 412, 413F
systematics, 411
variations
glacial-interglacial, 414–415, 416F
interspecific, 421
in natural environment, 412–413,
412F, 413F
Pleistocene, 414–415, 416F
spatial, in modern sea water,
413–414, 414F
between species, 421
temporal, 414415F
Oxygen minimum zone (OMZ), 307, 311
benthic fauna, 312–313
definition, 307
ferromanganese deposits and, 328
Ozone (O 3 )
cycling, nitric oxide, 591
UV-B radiation level, concentration
effects to, 89
P
P 230 , definition, 212
P 231 , definition, 212
Pacific see Pacific Ocean
Pacific Deep Water (PDW)
radiocarbon, 241–242
Pacific equatorial belt, carbon dioxide,
509
Pacific Ocean
actinium depth profile, 223F
barium accumulation, 331F
benthic foraminifera, 393T
calcite, depth profile, 339F
calcite compensation depth, 338–339
carbonate compensation depth, 344F
carbonate saturation, 341–342
coral records, 428F, 428, 429F
coral reefs, radiocarbon record,
236–237, 236F, 237F
lead-210/radium-226 ratio, 219F, 220F
North Atlantic vs., nitrate
concentrations, 545, 546F
platinum profile, 32, 35F
radiocarbon, 239F, 240
GEOSECS and WOCE comparisons,
243F
meridional sections, 241F, 246F
radium isotope distribution, 221, 222F
sea–air flux of carbon dioxide, 511,
511T
Index
623
atmospheric deposition, 285–287
metals, 285–287, 286T, 287F
nitrogen species, 287–288, 287T,
289F
synthetic organic compounds,
288–289, 289T
chlorinated hydrocarbons, 166–167
Ophiolites
definition, 357
hydrothermal vent deposits, 374, 379,
379–380
Optical oceanography see Ocean optics
Optical systems, zooplankton sampling
see Optical Plankton Counter
(OPC); Zooplankton sampling
Orbit (Earth)
aphelion, 434–435
clay mineral composition and, 352,
354T
Earth, glacial cycles and, 434–436
perihelion, 434–435
Organic carbon (OC)
global reservoirs, 251F
subcycle, Cenozoic, 526–528, 527F
total, river water, 486T
Organic matter
barite and, 331–332
Organic nitrogen (ON)
total, 559
Organochlorines, 163
Organohalogens, Air–sea transfer,
587–588
Organometallic compounds, 75
Origin of oceans, 3–6
composition see Composition of oceans
development/Earth’s acquisition of, 3–4
argon isotopes, 3, 4F
established feature or degassing
supply, 3
helium isotopes, 3, 4F
initial presence of water, 4
meteoric origin of water, 3
planetary degassing, 3, 4F
Rubey’s excess volatiles, 3, 3T
slow growth with time, 3
water present at Earth’s formation, 5
future of the oceans, 6
decrease by photolysis of water vapor,
6
less subduction of hydrated crust, 6
steady state of water supply, 6
loss of water from Earth’s surface, 4–5
abundant oxygen inhibits
dissociation, 4
oxidation of mantle, 5
oxidation of planet, 5
photolytic dissociation, 4
sources of water, 5
capture from solar nebula, 5F, 5
claims of blocks of cometary ice, 5
cometary impacts, 5
neon isotopes, 5F, 5
Orinoco River
discharge, 458T
sediment load/yield, 460T
Osmium (Os), 29, 64, 67–68, 71
concentration
deep earth, 29T
N. Atlantic and N. Pacific waters, 73T
sea water, 29T, 32T
vertical profiles, 31–32, 33F, 66F,
67–68
isotope(s)
geochemistry, 32–34, 36T
ratio, in sea water, 33F, 34, 36T
isotope ratios
global distribution, 127F
incongruent release, 133T
time series, 129F
long-term tracer properties, 124T,
130–131
in sewage, 278
source materials, isotope ratios, 125T
see also Platinum group elements (PGEs)
O ¨ stlund, Go ¨ te, 243
Ostracods
hypoxia, 311
Oxic layer, estuarine sediments, 445
Oxidants, estuarine sediments, 447T
organic matter, 448–449
relative free energy yields, 448–449,
449F
Oxidation
FeOOH, 454F
organic matter, 448–449
Oxyanions, trace elements, 64–71
chemical speciation, 64
Oxygen (O 2 ), 447T
abundance, limiting loss of water from
Earth’s surface, 4
cycle
phosphorus cycle and, 577–578
depth profiles, estuarine sediments, 451F
estuaries, gas exchange in, 479
isotope ratios see Oxygen isotope ratio
isotopes, 564–565
profile
Atlantic Ocean, WOCE section 16,
189F
as radioisotope source, 226
reduction in pore water, 384T
seasonal depth profile, Bermuda,
184F
tracer applications, 136–137
Oxygen isotope ratio (d
18 O), 564
calcium carbon content and, 343F
Cenozoic records, 415–418, 419F
caveats, 421
foraminiferal, 415–416, 416F, 417F
‘greenhouse world’, 418
‘ice house world’, 418–420
clay mineral composition and, 353F
clouds (values), 412F, 412, 413F
coral-based paleoclimate records,
424–425, 424T, 426
climate trends, 428, 428–430, 429F
El Nin ˜ o Southern Oscillation,
426–427
seasonal variation, 426
temperature and salinity
reconstructions, 425
depth profile, 560F
determination, 411
effects of evaporation, 412F, 412
effects of precipitation, 412F, 412
glacial cycles and, 434, 436
ocean values, 413–414, 414F
deep, 411
ice sheet effects, 414–415
surface, 411
paleothermometry, 411–412
equation, 411–412
rain (values), 412, 413F
reporting standards, 411
salinity and, 413–414, 414F
snow (values), 412, 413F
systematics, 411
variations
glacial-interglacial, 414–415, 416F
interspecific, 421
in natural environment, 412–413,
412F, 413F
Pleistocene, 414–415, 416F
spatial, in modern sea water,
413–414, 414F
between species, 421
temporal, 414415F
Oxygen minimum zone (OMZ), 307, 311
benthic fauna, 312–313
definition, 307
ferromanganese deposits and, 328
Ozone (O 3 )
cycling, nitric oxide, 591
UV-B radiation level, concentration
effects to, 89
P
P 230 , definition, 212
P 231 , definition, 212
Pacific see Pacific Ocean
Pacific Deep Water (PDW)
radiocarbon, 241–242
Pacific equatorial belt, carbon dioxide,
509
Pacific Ocean
actinium depth profile, 223F
barium accumulation, 331F
benthic foraminifera, 393T
calcite, depth profile, 339F
calcite compensation depth, 338–339
carbonate compensation depth, 344F
carbonate saturation, 341–342
coral records, 428F, 428, 429F
coral reefs, radiocarbon record,
236–237, 236F, 237F
lead-210/radium-226 ratio, 219F, 220F
North Atlantic vs., nitrate
concentrations, 545, 546F
platinum profile, 32, 35F
radiocarbon, 239F, 240
GEOSECS and WOCE comparisons,
243F
meridional sections, 241F, 246F
radium isotope distribution, 221, 222F
sea–air flux of carbon dioxide, 511,
511T
Index
623