Noble gases (continued)
seawater concentration, 135T
tracer applications, 135, 136–138
Nonconservative tracers, 230
Non-local transport, 386–388
Nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHC)
Air–sea transfer, 586
photochemical oxidation, 586
photochemical production, 94
production, 586F
Nonmethyl mercury (NMHg), pollution,
265–266
Non Polar Front (Antarctic), biogenic
silica burial, 536T
Nontronite, diagenetic reactions, 333T
NORM (naturally occurring radioactive
material), 298, 303
North America
river water, composition, 486T
North Atlantic
aphotic zone oxygen consumption,
182–183, 183F
lead concentrations, 275, 276F, 277F
vertical profile, 273, 274F
metal pollution, 268T
distribution, 268–269, 270F
nuclear fuel reprocessing, 296–297
organochlorine compounds, 289T
Pacific Ocean vs., nitrate concentrations,
545, 546F
particulate nitrogen, 561F
polychlorinated biphenyls
concentrations, 166, 169F
radiocarbon, meridional sections, 241F
radiocarbon levels, 195–198
rare earth elements, associated with
particulate matter in sea water, 44T
river inputs, 462T
tritium, 140F, 140, 141F
tritium-helium dating, 145
North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW)
neodymium isotope ratio, 126F, 131
radiocarbon, 241
North Atlantic Tracer Release Experiment
(NATRE)
results, 176F, 176
North-East Pacific
radiocarbon concentrations, 195–198
radiocarbon profiles, 258–259, 259F
Northern Gulf of Mexico, hypoxia, 308,
309–310, 309F
Northern hemisphere
carbon dioxide sinks, 509
chlorofluorocarbons, 155–156, 156F
North Marquises Fracture Zone, clay
mineral profile, smectite
composition, 350T
North Pacific
antimony depth profile, 69–70, 69F
arsenic depth profile, 68–69, 69F
biogenic silica burial, 536T, 537
chromium depth profile, 66F, 66
copper complexation, depth profiles,
77F
germanium depth profile, 68F, 68
lead depth profile, 273, 274F
molybdenum depth profile, 65F, 66–67
organochlorine compounds, 289T
osmium depth profile, 31–32, 32T, 33F,
66F, 67–68
oxygen and radiocarbon profiles, 515,
516F
rare earth elements
associated with particulate matter in
sea water, 44T
vertical profiles, 41, 44F
rhenium depth profile, 65F, 67
river inputs, 462T
selenium depth profile, 70F, 70
silicate vertical profile, 533–534, 534F
subtropical, nitrogen depth profiles,
560F
tellurium depth profile, 70–71, 70F
tungsten depth profile, 65F, 67
vanadium depth profile, 65F, 65
volcanic helium, 148, 149F
North Sea
atmospheric deposition, 283F
synthetic organic compounds, 285T
nitrogen, atmospheric input, 284T
Norwegian Coastal Current (NCC)
nuclear fuel reprocessing, 294,
296–297
NOSAMS (National Ocean Sciences AMS
facility), 240
Novel metabolites, marine organisms,
112–113
Nuclear fuel reprocessing
discharges, use in oceanography, 291,
295–296
coastal circulation, 296
deep-water formation, 296–297
history, 295–296
surface circulation, 296
radionuclides, 291
related discharges and, 291–297
sources, 294
tracer releases, 292, 293F
applications, 293T
description, 292
origin, 292
regional setting, 294–295
reprocessing discharges, circulation
of, 294–295
source function, 292–294
units, 291–292
Nuclear reactors
closed primary cooling systems, 301
construction, 299–301
Nuclear weapons test fallout, 294
Nutraceuticals
definition, 119
Nutrient(s)
biological pump and, 503–504
land-sea global flux, 488–490
oceanic distribution, 101–103, 102F
high-nitrate, high-chlorophyll
(HNHC) regions, 101–102, 101T
low-nitrate, low-chlorophyll (LNLC)
regions, 101–102, 101T
remineralization, 188–190
tracers as, 188–190
Nutrient cycles
estuarine sediments, redox chemistry
and, 453–455
Nutrient cycling
benthic foraminifera, 394, 401
Nutrient fluxes
absolute velocity estimation (inverse
modeling), 190–192
estimation (inverse modeling), 190–192
O
Ocean(s)
metal pollution, suspended particulate
matter, 268F
Ocean Carbon-Cycle Model
Intercomparison Project (OCMIP),
520F
Ocean Carbon Model Intercomparison
Project (OCMIP) -2 program,
246–248
participants, 247F, 248T
Ocean circulation
biogeochemical models and, 515–517
Ocean Drilling Program (ODP)
survey and discovery methods,
hydrothermal vent fluid chemistry,
85–86
Ocean dumping
capacity, global marine pollution, 263
Oceania
river water, composition, 486T
Oceanic carbon cycle, 497–498
see also Carbon cycle
Oceanic crust see Crust, oceanic
Oceanic island basalts (OIB),
composition, 359–360
Oceanitidae see Storm petrels
Ocean mixing see Mixing
Ocean models/modeling
challenges, 233
radionuclide tracers and, 233
tuning, radionuclide tracers and, 234
Ocean tides see Tide(s)
OCMIP (Ocean Carbon-Cycle Model
Intercomparison Project), 520F
OCMIP-2 (Ocean Carbon Model
Intercomparison Project -2)
program, 246–248
participants, 247F, 248T
ODP see Ocean Drilling Program (ODP)
Off-axis volcanism, 357, 359F
OGCM see Ocean general circulation
model (OGCM)
OIB see Oceanic island basalts (OIB)
Okhotsk Sea
biogenic silica burial, 536T, 537
chlorofluorocabon, 161
OML see Mixed layer
OMZ see Oxygen minimum zone (OMZ)
ON see Organic nitrogen (ON)
One-dimensional models
oxygen and radiocarbon profiles, 515,
516F
Opal (amorphous silica, SiO 2 )
diagenetic reactions, 333T
622
Index
seawater concentration, 135T
tracer applications, 135, 136–138
Nonconservative tracers, 230
Non-local transport, 386–388
Nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHC)
Air–sea transfer, 586
photochemical oxidation, 586
photochemical production, 94
production, 586F
Nonmethyl mercury (NMHg), pollution,
265–266
Non Polar Front (Antarctic), biogenic
silica burial, 536T
Nontronite, diagenetic reactions, 333T
NORM (naturally occurring radioactive
material), 298, 303
North America
river water, composition, 486T
North Atlantic
aphotic zone oxygen consumption,
182–183, 183F
lead concentrations, 275, 276F, 277F
vertical profile, 273, 274F
metal pollution, 268T
distribution, 268–269, 270F
nuclear fuel reprocessing, 296–297
organochlorine compounds, 289T
Pacific Ocean vs., nitrate concentrations,
545, 546F
particulate nitrogen, 561F
polychlorinated biphenyls
concentrations, 166, 169F
radiocarbon, meridional sections, 241F
radiocarbon levels, 195–198
rare earth elements, associated with
particulate matter in sea water, 44T
river inputs, 462T
tritium, 140F, 140, 141F
tritium-helium dating, 145
North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW)
neodymium isotope ratio, 126F, 131
radiocarbon, 241
North Atlantic Tracer Release Experiment
(NATRE)
results, 176F, 176
North-East Pacific
radiocarbon concentrations, 195–198
radiocarbon profiles, 258–259, 259F
Northern Gulf of Mexico, hypoxia, 308,
309–310, 309F
Northern hemisphere
carbon dioxide sinks, 509
chlorofluorocarbons, 155–156, 156F
North Marquises Fracture Zone, clay
mineral profile, smectite
composition, 350T
North Pacific
antimony depth profile, 69–70, 69F
arsenic depth profile, 68–69, 69F
biogenic silica burial, 536T, 537
chromium depth profile, 66F, 66
copper complexation, depth profiles,
77F
germanium depth profile, 68F, 68
lead depth profile, 273, 274F
molybdenum depth profile, 65F, 66–67
organochlorine compounds, 289T
osmium depth profile, 31–32, 32T, 33F,
66F, 67–68
oxygen and radiocarbon profiles, 515,
516F
rare earth elements
associated with particulate matter in
sea water, 44T
vertical profiles, 41, 44F
rhenium depth profile, 65F, 67
river inputs, 462T
selenium depth profile, 70F, 70
silicate vertical profile, 533–534, 534F
subtropical, nitrogen depth profiles,
560F
tellurium depth profile, 70–71, 70F
tungsten depth profile, 65F, 67
vanadium depth profile, 65F, 65
volcanic helium, 148, 149F
North Sea
atmospheric deposition, 283F
synthetic organic compounds, 285T
nitrogen, atmospheric input, 284T
Norwegian Coastal Current (NCC)
nuclear fuel reprocessing, 294,
296–297
NOSAMS (National Ocean Sciences AMS
facility), 240
Novel metabolites, marine organisms,
112–113
Nuclear fuel reprocessing
discharges, use in oceanography, 291,
295–296
coastal circulation, 296
deep-water formation, 296–297
history, 295–296
surface circulation, 296
radionuclides, 291
related discharges and, 291–297
sources, 294
tracer releases, 292, 293F
applications, 293T
description, 292
origin, 292
regional setting, 294–295
reprocessing discharges, circulation
of, 294–295
source function, 292–294
units, 291–292
Nuclear reactors
closed primary cooling systems, 301
construction, 299–301
Nuclear weapons test fallout, 294
Nutraceuticals
definition, 119
Nutrient(s)
biological pump and, 503–504
land-sea global flux, 488–490
oceanic distribution, 101–103, 102F
high-nitrate, high-chlorophyll
(HNHC) regions, 101–102, 101T
low-nitrate, low-chlorophyll (LNLC)
regions, 101–102, 101T
remineralization, 188–190
tracers as, 188–190
Nutrient cycles
estuarine sediments, redox chemistry
and, 453–455
Nutrient cycling
benthic foraminifera, 394, 401
Nutrient fluxes
absolute velocity estimation (inverse
modeling), 190–192
estimation (inverse modeling), 190–192
O
Ocean(s)
metal pollution, suspended particulate
matter, 268F
Ocean Carbon-Cycle Model
Intercomparison Project (OCMIP),
520F
Ocean Carbon Model Intercomparison
Project (OCMIP) -2 program,
246–248
participants, 247F, 248T
Ocean circulation
biogeochemical models and, 515–517
Ocean Drilling Program (ODP)
survey and discovery methods,
hydrothermal vent fluid chemistry,
85–86
Ocean dumping
capacity, global marine pollution, 263
Oceania
river water, composition, 486T
Oceanic carbon cycle, 497–498
see also Carbon cycle
Oceanic crust see Crust, oceanic
Oceanic island basalts (OIB),
composition, 359–360
Oceanitidae see Storm petrels
Ocean mixing see Mixing
Ocean models/modeling
challenges, 233
radionuclide tracers and, 233
tuning, radionuclide tracers and, 234
Ocean tides see Tide(s)
OCMIP (Ocean Carbon-Cycle Model
Intercomparison Project), 520F
OCMIP-2 (Ocean Carbon Model
Intercomparison Project -2)
program, 246–248
participants, 247F, 248T
ODP see Ocean Drilling Program (ODP)
Off-axis volcanism, 357, 359F
OGCM see Ocean general circulation
model (OGCM)
OIB see Oceanic island basalts (OIB)
Okhotsk Sea
biogenic silica burial, 536T, 537
chlorofluorocabon, 161
OML see Mixed layer
OMZ see Oxygen minimum zone (OMZ)
ON see Organic nitrogen (ON)
One-dimensional models
oxygen and radiocarbon profiles, 515,
516F
Opal (amorphous silica, SiO 2 )
diagenetic reactions, 333T
622
Index