Neodymium (Nd), 41T
isotope ratios
Cenozoic, 130F
global distribution, 127F, 131
incongruent release, 133T
isotopic composition, 40, 45–46, 46–47
applications, 50
distribution in surface waters, 46–47,
50F
long-term tracer properties, 124T, 131
mean oceanic residence time, 45, 47,
48T
river flux, 45, 48T
sea water concentrations
surface, 40–41, 42F
vertical profile, 44F
source materials, 125–126
isotope ratios, 125T
see also Rare earth elements (REEs)
Neogloboquadrina pachyderma
foraminifer, 401
Neon
atmospheric abundance, 135T
cosmogenic isotopes, 226T
ice solubility, 136
isotopes, origin of oceans, 5F, 5
phase partitioning, 136T
seawater concentration, 135T
Neovolcanic zone, 355
see also Axial summit trough
Nepheloid layers
benthic, 206
Net production
measurements, 181
Sargasso Sea, 187T
Neuse River estuary, nitrogen,
atmospheric input, 284T
New Jersey continental margin, clay
sediments, 352, 353F
New production, 181
Sargasso Sea, 187T
New York Bight, nitrogen, atmospheric
input, 284T
NGCUC see New Guinea Coastal
Undercurrent (NGCUC)
Nickel (Ni)
concentration
N. Atlantic and N. Pacific waters, 73T
cosmogenic isotopes, 226T
ferromanganese deposits, 327–328,
329F
global atmosphere, emissions to, 285T
inorganic speciation, 75
organic complexation, 78
Niobium (Nb)
concentrations in ocean waters, 73T
crustal abundance, 53T
dissolved, 59
depth profile, 60F
properties in seawater, 53T
Niskin bottles, 7
X-type, 7–9
Nitrate (NO 3 À )
assimilation, 553–554
isotope ratios and, 552T, 555, 558F
depth profiles, 556F
helium isotope ratio anomaly
correlation, 186F
high-nitrate, high-chlorophyll (HNHC)
regimes, 101–102, 101T
isotope analysis, 549–550
low-nitrate, high-chlorophyll (LNHC)
regimes, 101–102, 101T, 102F
low-nitrate, low-chlorophyll (LNLC)
regimes, 101–102, 101T
photolysis, 94–95
reduction in pore water, 384T
sea water concentrations
determination, 541
phosphate vs., 101F, 101
silicate vs., 534F
surface, 544, 545F
deeper water vs., 104F, 546F
transport, global, 193F
Nitric oxide (NO)
Air–sea transfer, 589T, 591–592
atmospheric sources and sinks, 592F,
592
measurement, 541
photochemical production, 94–95
Nitrification, 542–543, 542F, 542T, 543,
543F
definition, 481
denitrification and, pore water profile,
387F
estuaries, gas exchange in, 478
isotopic effect, 552T, 554
‘leaky pipe’ flow diagram, 590F
nitrous oxide, 590
see also Nitrogen cycle
Nitrite (NO 2 -)
accumulation in sea water, 546–547
assimilation, 553–554
isotope analysis, 549–550
isotope ratios, 556–559
oxidation, isotope ratios and, 552T
primary nitrite maximum (PNM),
545–546, 547F
sea water concentrations, determination,
541
Nitrogen (N)
anthropogenic emission perturbations,
489F
atmospheric
deposition, 283–284
biogeochemical role, 549
coastal fluxes, 490F
depth profiles, estuarine sediments, 450F
fertilizers, application levels, 489F
isotopes, 541
kinetic isotope effect, 549
limitation, phosphorus vs., 101, 101F,
574
as radioisotope source, 226
river fluxes, 488
sea distributions, 541, 544–546, 545F,
546F
total organic, 559
Nitrogen cycle, 541–548
analytical methods, 541
inputs, 551
internal, 553–554, 553F
isotope ratios and, 550F, 551F, 555F
see also Nitrogen isotope ratios
marine, 541, 541–543, 542F, 542T
ammonification, 542–543, 542F, 543F
denitrification see Denitrification
‘new’ vs. ‘regenerated’ nitrogen
dichotomy, 547, 548F
nitrification, 542–543, 542F, 542T,
543, 543F
nitrogen assimilation, 542F, 542T,
543
ocean productivity and, 547–548,
548F
units, 541
see also Phosphorus cycle
ocean processes, 553–554, 553F
outputs, 551–553
see also Primary production processes
Nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 )
photochemical production, 94–95
Nitrogen fixation, 551
atmospheric input to open ocean,
287–288
isotope ratios and, 552T
Nitrogen isotope ratios, 549, 549–563
global budget, 558F
limitations in determining nitrogen
cycling processes, 556
measurement procedure, 549–550
models, 550
process affecting, 550–551
sedimentary record, 561–562, 562F
terms/units, 549
Nitrogen reservoirs, 554–556
ammonium, 556–559
dissolved gases, 559
dissolved nitrogen, 555–556
dissolved organic nitrogen, 559
isotopes, 561
nitrate, 555–556
nitrite, 556–559
particulate nitrogen, 559–560
Nitrous oxide (N 2 O)
Air–sea transfer, 589–591, 589T
atmospheric sources and sinks,
590–591, 591F
dissolved, 559–560
depth profile, 560F
distribution, 590
estuaries, gas exchange in, 478–479,
479T
measurement, 541
nitrate and nitrite isotopic analysis,
549–550
production, 545–546
surface water supersaturation, 591T
NOAA see National Oceanographic and
Atmospheric Administration
(NOAA)
Noble gases
atmospheric abundance, 135T
ice formation and, 135–138
phase partitioning, 135T, 136
physical properties relevant, 136–138
ice solubility, 136
phase partitioning, 136T
Index
621
isotope ratios
Cenozoic, 130F
global distribution, 127F, 131
incongruent release, 133T
isotopic composition, 40, 45–46, 46–47
applications, 50
distribution in surface waters, 46–47,
50F
long-term tracer properties, 124T, 131
mean oceanic residence time, 45, 47,
48T
river flux, 45, 48T
sea water concentrations
surface, 40–41, 42F
vertical profile, 44F
source materials, 125–126
isotope ratios, 125T
see also Rare earth elements (REEs)
Neogloboquadrina pachyderma
foraminifer, 401
Neon
atmospheric abundance, 135T
cosmogenic isotopes, 226T
ice solubility, 136
isotopes, origin of oceans, 5F, 5
phase partitioning, 136T
seawater concentration, 135T
Neovolcanic zone, 355
see also Axial summit trough
Nepheloid layers
benthic, 206
Net production
measurements, 181
Sargasso Sea, 187T
Neuse River estuary, nitrogen,
atmospheric input, 284T
New Jersey continental margin, clay
sediments, 352, 353F
New production, 181
Sargasso Sea, 187T
New York Bight, nitrogen, atmospheric
input, 284T
NGCUC see New Guinea Coastal
Undercurrent (NGCUC)
Nickel (Ni)
concentration
N. Atlantic and N. Pacific waters, 73T
cosmogenic isotopes, 226T
ferromanganese deposits, 327–328,
329F
global atmosphere, emissions to, 285T
inorganic speciation, 75
organic complexation, 78
Niobium (Nb)
concentrations in ocean waters, 73T
crustal abundance, 53T
dissolved, 59
depth profile, 60F
properties in seawater, 53T
Niskin bottles, 7
X-type, 7–9
Nitrate (NO 3 À )
assimilation, 553–554
isotope ratios and, 552T, 555, 558F
depth profiles, 556F
helium isotope ratio anomaly
correlation, 186F
high-nitrate, high-chlorophyll (HNHC)
regimes, 101–102, 101T
isotope analysis, 549–550
low-nitrate, high-chlorophyll (LNHC)
regimes, 101–102, 101T, 102F
low-nitrate, low-chlorophyll (LNLC)
regimes, 101–102, 101T
photolysis, 94–95
reduction in pore water, 384T
sea water concentrations
determination, 541
phosphate vs., 101F, 101
silicate vs., 534F
surface, 544, 545F
deeper water vs., 104F, 546F
transport, global, 193F
Nitric oxide (NO)
Air–sea transfer, 589T, 591–592
atmospheric sources and sinks, 592F,
592
measurement, 541
photochemical production, 94–95
Nitrification, 542–543, 542F, 542T, 543,
543F
definition, 481
denitrification and, pore water profile,
387F
estuaries, gas exchange in, 478
isotopic effect, 552T, 554
‘leaky pipe’ flow diagram, 590F
nitrous oxide, 590
see also Nitrogen cycle
Nitrite (NO 2 -)
accumulation in sea water, 546–547
assimilation, 553–554
isotope analysis, 549–550
isotope ratios, 556–559
oxidation, isotope ratios and, 552T
primary nitrite maximum (PNM),
545–546, 547F
sea water concentrations, determination,
541
Nitrogen (N)
anthropogenic emission perturbations,
489F
atmospheric
deposition, 283–284
biogeochemical role, 549
coastal fluxes, 490F
depth profiles, estuarine sediments, 450F
fertilizers, application levels, 489F
isotopes, 541
kinetic isotope effect, 549
limitation, phosphorus vs., 101, 101F,
574
as radioisotope source, 226
river fluxes, 488
sea distributions, 541, 544–546, 545F,
546F
total organic, 559
Nitrogen cycle, 541–548
analytical methods, 541
inputs, 551
internal, 553–554, 553F
isotope ratios and, 550F, 551F, 555F
see also Nitrogen isotope ratios
marine, 541, 541–543, 542F, 542T
ammonification, 542–543, 542F, 543F
denitrification see Denitrification
‘new’ vs. ‘regenerated’ nitrogen
dichotomy, 547, 548F
nitrification, 542–543, 542F, 542T,
543, 543F
nitrogen assimilation, 542F, 542T,
543
ocean productivity and, 547–548,
548F
units, 541
see also Phosphorus cycle
ocean processes, 553–554, 553F
outputs, 551–553
see also Primary production processes
Nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 )
photochemical production, 94–95
Nitrogen fixation, 551
atmospheric input to open ocean,
287–288
isotope ratios and, 552T
Nitrogen isotope ratios, 549, 549–563
global budget, 558F
limitations in determining nitrogen
cycling processes, 556
measurement procedure, 549–550
models, 550
process affecting, 550–551
sedimentary record, 561–562, 562F
terms/units, 549
Nitrogen reservoirs, 554–556
ammonium, 556–559
dissolved gases, 559
dissolved nitrogen, 555–556
dissolved organic nitrogen, 559
isotopes, 561
nitrate, 555–556
nitrite, 556–559
particulate nitrogen, 559–560
Nitrous oxide (N 2 O)
Air–sea transfer, 589–591, 589T
atmospheric sources and sinks,
590–591, 591F
dissolved, 559–560
depth profile, 560F
distribution, 590
estuaries, gas exchange in, 478–479,
479T
measurement, 541
nitrate and nitrite isotopic analysis,
549–550
production, 545–546
surface water supersaturation, 591T
NOAA see National Oceanographic and
Atmospheric Administration
(NOAA)
Noble gases
atmospheric abundance, 135T
ice formation and, 135–138
phase partitioning, 135T, 136
physical properties relevant, 136–138
ice solubility, 136
phase partitioning, 136T
Index
621