Methane (CH 4 ) (continued)
oxidation, estuaries, 478
reduction in pore water, 384T
surface water supersaturation, 591T
Methane hydrate(s)
dissociation (methane release)
climatic effects, 420, 527
Methanogenesis, 592
Methanogens, 592
lipid biomarkers, 254F
Methanotrophs, 592
Methyl bromide
circulation of, 588F
Methylgermanium compounds, 68, 68F,
71
Methyl iodide, photochemical production,
95
Methyl metallates, 75
Methyl nitrate, photochemical
production, 95
MF see Midfrequency band (MF)
Mg/Ca see Magnesium/calcium ratio
Microalga(e), definition, 119
Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR)
hydrothermal vent locations, 83F
magma composition, fractional
crystallization, 361–362
see also Mid-ocean ridge geochemistry
and petrology
MORB composition, 358T, 362–363,
363F
Mid-ocean ridge(s) (MOR)
degassing, 524, 529F
carbon dioxide, 528–529
trace metal isotope ratios, 125T
Mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB)
composition, 357–360
D-MORB (depleted MORB),
359–360
elemental abundance, 359–360, 360F
E-MORB (enriched MORB), 358T,
359–360, 359F, 362–363
fractional crystallization, 357, 359F,
360F
light rare earth elements (LREE),
359–360, 360F
low potassium tholeiites, 357, 358T
N-MORB (normal MORB), 358T,
359–360, 359F, 360F, 362–363,
363F
oceanic island basalts (OIB),
comparison with, 359–360
subaxial magma chamber, 357, 359F
T-MORB (transitional MORB),
359–360
mineralogy, 360–361
chemical alteration, 360–361
cooling rates, 360
fractional crystallization, 360
holocrystalline gabbros, 360
melt composition, effect of, 360
metamorphism, 360–361
mid-ocean ridge lava, 360
texture variations, 360
Mid-ocean ridge geochemistry and
petrology, 355–365
chemical variability, 361–362
fast-spreading ridges, 361
fractional crystallization, 361
ridge depth and crustal thickness, 363,
364F
slow-spreading ridges, 361
composition see Mid-ocean ridge basalt
(MORB)
global variability, 362–364
chemical characteristics, 363, 364F
E-MORB composition, 358T,
362–363
global array, 363
local trend, 363, 364F
N-MORB composition, 358T,
362–363, 363F
primary melts, 363
spreading rates, 362–363, 363F
local variability, 361–362
enrichment, 362F, 362
fast-spreading ridges, 361–362
fractional crystallization, 361
liquid line of descent (LLD), 361F,
361
slow-spreading ridges, 361–362
magma generation, 356–357
differentiation, 357
magma flow mechanisms, 356–357,
362
mantle melting, 356–357, 362, 363
modification processes, 357
primary melts, 356–357, 358T
spreading rate, 362
ocean floor volcanism and crustal
construction, 357
axial summit trough, 359F
cooling rates, 357
intrusive magma formations, 357,
359F
lava formations, 356F, 357, 359F
mush zone, 359F, 360
near-axis seamount formation, 357
oceanic crust, 357
off-axis volcanism, 357, 359F
seismic layers, 357, 359F
transform faults, 357
see also Mid-ocean ridge tectonics,
volcanism and geomorphology;
Seamounts and off-ridge volcanism
see also Mid-ocean ridge seismic
structure; Mid-ocean ridge
tectonics, volcanism and
geomorphology; Propagating rifts
and microplates; Seamounts and
off-ridge volcanism
Milankovitch, Milutin, 433–434
ice ages theory, 433–434
Milankovitch variability, 433–442
summer solstice insolation, 438, 440F
Minamata Bay (Japan)
mercury pollution, 278
metal pollution, 270–271
Miocene
d
18 O records, 417F, 419F, 420, 421
Mississippi River
dissolved loads, 462T
river discharge, 458T
sediment load/yield, 460T
Mixed layer
cosmogenic isotope concentrations,
228T
Mixing time, global, 124
Models/modeling
chemical tracers as calibrants,
514–515
complexity, 521
Moho (Mohorovic discontinuity)
definition, 359F
Molecular diffusivity (D), definition, 481
Moles of carbon, 505
Mollusks
shells, radiocarbon, 236–237
Molybdenum (Mo), 64, 66–67, 71
concentration
N. Atlantic and N. Pacific waters,
73T
depth profile, 65F
oxic vs. anoxic waters, 66–67
Monochlorobiphenyls, structure, 164F
Monomethylgermanic acid (MMGe),
68F, 68
Monosaccharides, radiocarbon analysis,
258–259
depth profile, 259F
Monsanto, 165
Montmorillonite
formation, 333–335
global distribution, 334F
MOR see Mid-ocean ridge(s) (MOR)
MORB see Mid-ocean ridge basalt
(MORB)
Mosses, lipid biomarkers, 254F
Mussel Watch Stations, chlorinated
hydrocarbons, 171F, 172
Mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs),
116
Mytilus see Mussels (Mytilus)
N
N (number of nucleons), definition, 212
NADW see North Atlantic Deep Water
(NADW)
Nansen bottles
sampling method, 7
National Oceanographic and Atmospheric
Administration (NOAA), 172
National Ocean Sciences AMS facility,
240
NATRE see North Atlantic Tracer
Release Experiment (NATRE)
Natural gas hydrates see Methane
hydrate(s)
Natural ground cover, river inputs, 462
Naturally occurring radioactive material
(NORM), 298, 303
NCC see Norwegian Coastal Current
(NCC)
Nearshore waters, chlorinated
hydrocarbons, 169
NECC see North Equatorial
Countercurrent (NECC)
620
Index
oxidation, estuaries, 478
reduction in pore water, 384T
surface water supersaturation, 591T
Methane hydrate(s)
dissociation (methane release)
climatic effects, 420, 527
Methanogenesis, 592
Methanogens, 592
lipid biomarkers, 254F
Methanotrophs, 592
Methyl bromide
circulation of, 588F
Methylgermanium compounds, 68, 68F,
71
Methyl iodide, photochemical production,
95
Methyl metallates, 75
Methyl nitrate, photochemical
production, 95
MF see Midfrequency band (MF)
Mg/Ca see Magnesium/calcium ratio
Microalga(e), definition, 119
Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR)
hydrothermal vent locations, 83F
magma composition, fractional
crystallization, 361–362
see also Mid-ocean ridge geochemistry
and petrology
MORB composition, 358T, 362–363,
363F
Mid-ocean ridge(s) (MOR)
degassing, 524, 529F
carbon dioxide, 528–529
trace metal isotope ratios, 125T
Mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB)
composition, 357–360
D-MORB (depleted MORB),
359–360
elemental abundance, 359–360, 360F
E-MORB (enriched MORB), 358T,
359–360, 359F, 362–363
fractional crystallization, 357, 359F,
360F
light rare earth elements (LREE),
359–360, 360F
low potassium tholeiites, 357, 358T
N-MORB (normal MORB), 358T,
359–360, 359F, 360F, 362–363,
363F
oceanic island basalts (OIB),
comparison with, 359–360
subaxial magma chamber, 357, 359F
T-MORB (transitional MORB),
359–360
mineralogy, 360–361
chemical alteration, 360–361
cooling rates, 360
fractional crystallization, 360
holocrystalline gabbros, 360
melt composition, effect of, 360
metamorphism, 360–361
mid-ocean ridge lava, 360
texture variations, 360
Mid-ocean ridge geochemistry and
petrology, 355–365
chemical variability, 361–362
fast-spreading ridges, 361
fractional crystallization, 361
ridge depth and crustal thickness, 363,
364F
slow-spreading ridges, 361
composition see Mid-ocean ridge basalt
(MORB)
global variability, 362–364
chemical characteristics, 363, 364F
E-MORB composition, 358T,
362–363
global array, 363
local trend, 363, 364F
N-MORB composition, 358T,
362–363, 363F
primary melts, 363
spreading rates, 362–363, 363F
local variability, 361–362
enrichment, 362F, 362
fast-spreading ridges, 361–362
fractional crystallization, 361
liquid line of descent (LLD), 361F,
361
slow-spreading ridges, 361–362
magma generation, 356–357
differentiation, 357
magma flow mechanisms, 356–357,
362
mantle melting, 356–357, 362, 363
modification processes, 357
primary melts, 356–357, 358T
spreading rate, 362
ocean floor volcanism and crustal
construction, 357
axial summit trough, 359F
cooling rates, 357
intrusive magma formations, 357,
359F
lava formations, 356F, 357, 359F
mush zone, 359F, 360
near-axis seamount formation, 357
oceanic crust, 357
off-axis volcanism, 357, 359F
seismic layers, 357, 359F
transform faults, 357
see also Mid-ocean ridge tectonics,
volcanism and geomorphology;
Seamounts and off-ridge volcanism
see also Mid-ocean ridge seismic
structure; Mid-ocean ridge
tectonics, volcanism and
geomorphology; Propagating rifts
and microplates; Seamounts and
off-ridge volcanism
Milankovitch, Milutin, 433–434
ice ages theory, 433–434
Milankovitch variability, 433–442
summer solstice insolation, 438, 440F
Minamata Bay (Japan)
mercury pollution, 278
metal pollution, 270–271
Miocene
d
18 O records, 417F, 419F, 420, 421
Mississippi River
dissolved loads, 462T
river discharge, 458T
sediment load/yield, 460T
Mixed layer
cosmogenic isotope concentrations,
228T
Mixing time, global, 124
Models/modeling
chemical tracers as calibrants,
514–515
complexity, 521
Moho (Mohorovic discontinuity)
definition, 359F
Molecular diffusivity (D), definition, 481
Moles of carbon, 505
Mollusks
shells, radiocarbon, 236–237
Molybdenum (Mo), 64, 66–67, 71
concentration
N. Atlantic and N. Pacific waters,
73T
depth profile, 65F
oxic vs. anoxic waters, 66–67
Monochlorobiphenyls, structure, 164F
Monomethylgermanic acid (MMGe),
68F, 68
Monosaccharides, radiocarbon analysis,
258–259
depth profile, 259F
Monsanto, 165
Montmorillonite
formation, 333–335
global distribution, 334F
MOR see Mid-ocean ridge(s) (MOR)
MORB see Mid-ocean ridge basalt
(MORB)
Mosses, lipid biomarkers, 254F
Mussel Watch Stations, chlorinated
hydrocarbons, 171F, 172
Mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs),
116
Mytilus see Mussels (Mytilus)
N
N (number of nucleons), definition, 212
NADW see North Atlantic Deep Water
(NADW)
Nansen bottles
sampling method, 7
National Oceanographic and Atmospheric
Administration (NOAA), 172
National Ocean Sciences AMS facility,
240
NATRE see North Atlantic Tracer
Release Experiment (NATRE)
Natural gas hydrates see Methane
hydrate(s)
Natural ground cover, river inputs, 462
Naturally occurring radioactive material
(NORM), 298, 303
NCC see Norwegian Coastal Current
(NCC)
Nearshore waters, chlorinated
hydrocarbons, 169
NECC see North Equatorial
Countercurrent (NECC)
620
Index