Lipid biomarkers
radiocarbon tracing, 254–255, 254F,
258F
Santa Monica Basin, 258F
structures, 255F
vascular plants, applications, 254
Liquid chromatography see
High-performance liquid
chromatography
Liquid laminar thickness, definition, 481
Liss-Merlivat Air–sea gas transfer
parametrization, 177
dual tracer results and, 178F, 178
Lithosphere
carbon dioxide cycle, 505
Little Ice Age (LIA)
coral records, 428–430, 429F
LNHS (low-nitrate, high-chlorophyll)
regions, 101–102, 101T, 102F
LNLC (low-nitrate, low-chlorophyll)
regions, 101–102, 101T
Loihi Seamount, volcanic helium, 151F,
152–153
London Convention (1972) on dumping
of wastes, 299
London Dumping Convention (LDC), 299
Long Island Sound
nitrogen, atmospheric input, 284T
Longitude of perihelion, 435
Long-term tracer changes, 123–134
definitions and concepts, 123–124
information recorded, 123
leaching variability and, 132–133, 133T
materials and methods, 125–126
results, 126–130
beryllium, 132
lead, 131–132
neodymium, 131
osmium, 130–131
strontium, 126–130
sediment concentrations, factors
affecting, 123–124
time resolution, 133
tracers used, 123, 124–125
see also Tracer(s)
Louisiana coast, hypoxia, 309–310, 309F
Louisiana shelf, hypoxia, 309, 310F
Low molecular weight (LMW) organic
compounds, photochemical
production, 91–92
Low-nitrate, high-chlorophyll (LNHC)
regions, 101–102, 101T, 102F
Low-nitrate, low-chlorophyll (LNLC)
regions, 101–102, 101T
LREE (light rare earth elements),
359–360, 360F
Lutein, structure, 115F
Lysocline, 339
see also Chemical lysocline
M
MAAs (mycosporine-like amino acids),
116
Mackenzie River Delta region
dissolved loads, 462T
Mackinawite, 450F
Macroalgae, definition, 119
Mad, USA, sediment load/yield, 460T
Magdalena River
sediment load/yield, 460T
Magma
composition, liquid line of descent
(LLD), 361F, 361
Magma lens see Axial magma chamber
(AMC)
Magnesium (Mg2+), concentrations
in river water, 14T, 486T
in sea water, 14T
determination, 13
Magnesium/calcium ratio
measurement in benthic foraminifers,
418
Magnesium carbonate
chemical weathering, 524
Magnetic field, Earth
reversal, 436
Malvinas Current see Brazil and
Falklands (Malvinas) Currents;
Falklands (Malvinas) Current
Manganese (Mn)
concentration
N. Atlantic and N. Pacific waters, 73T
cosmogenic isotopes, 226T
cycling in estuarine sediments, 452–453,
453F
depth profiles
estuarine sediments, 450F, 451F
in ferromanganese deposits, 326–327
inorganic speciation, 75
planktonic growth limitation, 79
reduction of oxides, 451
in sediment oxidation processes,
448–449, 449
Manganese oxides, photochemical
production, 95
Man-made reservoirs, 463
Mantle
loss of water, 4
oxidation, 5
Mantle helium, 147
history, 148
MAR see Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR)
Marchetti, Cesare, 318
Marine aerosols see Aerosols
Marine aggregates see Aggregates, marine
Marine finfish mariculture see
Mariculture
Marine organisms
bacterial isolates, 114F
as chemical and medicine resources,
112–120
biocatalysis, 116–117
bioremediation, 117
drug discovery, 112–113
food additives, 113–116
marine-derived nutraceuticals,
113–116
novel metabolites, 112–113
research directions, 118–119
uses, 113F
habitats, 112
Marine otter see Sea otter
Marine pollution
definition, 265
Marine sediments see Seafloor sediments;
Sediment(s)
Maritime archaeology see Archaeology
(maritime)
Mass balance approach, subterranean
groundwater discharge estimation,
468
Mass-destruction weapons, radioactive
wastes, 298
Mass spectrometry (MS)
nitrogen isotope ratio determination,
549
Mean life l
À1 (decay), 249
Mean oceanic residence time, definition,
533
Mediterranean Sea
carbon sequestration, 318
Mekong River, discharge, 458T
Mercury (Hg)
anthropogenic, 455
emission into atmosphere, 276
Northern Hemisphere vs. Southern
Hemisphere, 276–278
oceanic, 273, 276–278
oceanic concentrations, 276–278
N. Atlantic and N. Pacific waters, 73T
pollution, 265–266
anthropogenic and natural sources,
266T
distribution, 268T
environmental impact, 270
Humber estuary, 268, 269F
Minimata Bay (Japan), 278
sampling/analysis difficulties, 276
Metal(s)
atmospheric deposition, 282–283, 282T
Metal complexes
inorganic, 75
organic, 75
Metalliferous, definition, 335
Metalloid elements
as oxyanions, 64–71
chemical speciation, 64
Metal pollution, 265–272
anthropogenic inputs, 266–267, 266T
distributions, 267–268
in coasts, 268
in estuaries, 268
local hydrodynamics, 267
in North Atlantic Ocean, 268–269
particle-water interactions, 267–268
environmental impact, 269–270
human health, 270–271
natural inputs, 266–267, 266T
particulate metals, 265F, 267
Metastable, definition, 335
METEOR Expedition, 506
Methane (CH 4 )
Air–sea transfer, 589T, 592–593
atmospheric sources and sinks, 478,
593F
estuaries, gas exchange in, 477–478,
477T
Index
619
radiocarbon tracing, 254–255, 254F,
258F
Santa Monica Basin, 258F
structures, 255F
vascular plants, applications, 254
Liquid chromatography see
High-performance liquid
chromatography
Liquid laminar thickness, definition, 481
Liss-Merlivat Air–sea gas transfer
parametrization, 177
dual tracer results and, 178F, 178
Lithosphere
carbon dioxide cycle, 505
Little Ice Age (LIA)
coral records, 428–430, 429F
LNHS (low-nitrate, high-chlorophyll)
regions, 101–102, 101T, 102F
LNLC (low-nitrate, low-chlorophyll)
regions, 101–102, 101T
Loihi Seamount, volcanic helium, 151F,
152–153
London Convention (1972) on dumping
of wastes, 299
London Dumping Convention (LDC), 299
Long Island Sound
nitrogen, atmospheric input, 284T
Longitude of perihelion, 435
Long-term tracer changes, 123–134
definitions and concepts, 123–124
information recorded, 123
leaching variability and, 132–133, 133T
materials and methods, 125–126
results, 126–130
beryllium, 132
lead, 131–132
neodymium, 131
osmium, 130–131
strontium, 126–130
sediment concentrations, factors
affecting, 123–124
time resolution, 133
tracers used, 123, 124–125
see also Tracer(s)
Louisiana coast, hypoxia, 309–310, 309F
Louisiana shelf, hypoxia, 309, 310F
Low molecular weight (LMW) organic
compounds, photochemical
production, 91–92
Low-nitrate, high-chlorophyll (LNHC)
regions, 101–102, 101T, 102F
Low-nitrate, low-chlorophyll (LNLC)
regions, 101–102, 101T
LREE (light rare earth elements),
359–360, 360F
Lutein, structure, 115F
Lysocline, 339
see also Chemical lysocline
M
MAAs (mycosporine-like amino acids),
116
Mackenzie River Delta region
dissolved loads, 462T
Mackinawite, 450F
Macroalgae, definition, 119
Mad, USA, sediment load/yield, 460T
Magdalena River
sediment load/yield, 460T
Magma
composition, liquid line of descent
(LLD), 361F, 361
Magma lens see Axial magma chamber
(AMC)
Magnesium (Mg2+), concentrations
in river water, 14T, 486T
in sea water, 14T
determination, 13
Magnesium/calcium ratio
measurement in benthic foraminifers,
418
Magnesium carbonate
chemical weathering, 524
Magnetic field, Earth
reversal, 436
Malvinas Current see Brazil and
Falklands (Malvinas) Currents;
Falklands (Malvinas) Current
Manganese (Mn)
concentration
N. Atlantic and N. Pacific waters, 73T
cosmogenic isotopes, 226T
cycling in estuarine sediments, 452–453,
453F
depth profiles
estuarine sediments, 450F, 451F
in ferromanganese deposits, 326–327
inorganic speciation, 75
planktonic growth limitation, 79
reduction of oxides, 451
in sediment oxidation processes,
448–449, 449
Manganese oxides, photochemical
production, 95
Man-made reservoirs, 463
Mantle
loss of water, 4
oxidation, 5
Mantle helium, 147
history, 148
MAR see Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR)
Marchetti, Cesare, 318
Marine aerosols see Aerosols
Marine aggregates see Aggregates, marine
Marine finfish mariculture see
Mariculture
Marine organisms
bacterial isolates, 114F
as chemical and medicine resources,
112–120
biocatalysis, 116–117
bioremediation, 117
drug discovery, 112–113
food additives, 113–116
marine-derived nutraceuticals,
113–116
novel metabolites, 112–113
research directions, 118–119
uses, 113F
habitats, 112
Marine otter see Sea otter
Marine pollution
definition, 265
Marine sediments see Seafloor sediments;
Sediment(s)
Maritime archaeology see Archaeology
(maritime)
Mass balance approach, subterranean
groundwater discharge estimation,
468
Mass-destruction weapons, radioactive
wastes, 298
Mass spectrometry (MS)
nitrogen isotope ratio determination,
549
Mean life l
À1 (decay), 249
Mean oceanic residence time, definition,
533
Mediterranean Sea
carbon sequestration, 318
Mekong River, discharge, 458T
Mercury (Hg)
anthropogenic, 455
emission into atmosphere, 276
Northern Hemisphere vs. Southern
Hemisphere, 276–278
oceanic, 273, 276–278
oceanic concentrations, 276–278
N. Atlantic and N. Pacific waters, 73T
pollution, 265–266
anthropogenic and natural sources,
266T
distribution, 268T
environmental impact, 270
Humber estuary, 268, 269F
Minimata Bay (Japan), 278
sampling/analysis difficulties, 276
Metal(s)
atmospheric deposition, 282–283, 282T
Metal complexes
inorganic, 75
organic, 75
Metalliferous, definition, 335
Metalloid elements
as oxyanions, 64–71
chemical speciation, 64
Metal pollution, 265–272
anthropogenic inputs, 266–267, 266T
distributions, 267–268
in coasts, 268
in estuaries, 268
local hydrodynamics, 267
in North Atlantic Ocean, 268–269
particle-water interactions, 267–268
environmental impact, 269–270
human health, 270–271
natural inputs, 266–267, 266T
particulate metals, 265F, 267
Metastable, definition, 335
METEOR Expedition, 506
Methane (CH 4 )
Air–sea transfer, 589T, 592–593
atmospheric sources and sinks, 478,
593F
estuaries, gas exchange in, 477–478,
477T
Index
619