Iron fertilization (continued)
questions remaining, 109
societal challenge, 109–110
see also Nitrogen cycle; Phosphorus
cycle
Iron oxides, subterranean estuaries, 473
Iron-phosphorus-oxygen coupling,
577–578, 578
see also Phosphorus cycle
Iron sulfate, 449–450
‘Iron theory’, 102–103, 102F
Irrawaddy
dissolved loads, 462T
sediment load/yield, 460T
Irrigation
bioturbation and, 386–388
pore water profile, 386–388, 387F
Is, definition, 212
ISE (ion-selective electrode), 76, 76T
Isoprenoids, radiocarbon analysis, 258
Isopycnal mixing, tritium-helium-3
tracing and, 182–183
Isotopes
fractionation, 549, 554F
nitrogen, 541
Isotope tracers, long-term, 124T
Isotopic budget equation, 530
Isotopic ratios
in carbon cycle models, 527F, 530–531
in coral-based paleoclimate research,
424–425, 424T
Isthmus of Panama, paleoceanography
passage closure, 421
Iw, definition, 212
J
J (sedimentation rate), definition, 212
James, USA, river discharge, 458T
Japan
anthropogenic reactive nitrogen, 288T
Jasus (lobster)
chlorobiphenyl congeners, 169–170
J-flux, radiocarbon levels and, 233
JGOFS see Joint Global Ocean Flux
Study (JGOFS)
Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS),
233
Juan de Fuca Ridge
clay minerals
formation, 349
profile, 349F
Endeavour Segment, hydrothermal vent
deposits, 376–377
hydrothermal vent fluids, chemistry of
off-axis vents, 85–86
volcanic events, influence of, 85
MORB composition, 363F
volcanic helium, 150, 151F
K
K, definition, 212
k 1 , definition, 212
k À1 , definition, 212
k 2 , definition, 212
k À2 , definition, 212
Kalix River, uranium, 215
Kanon der Erdbestrahlung, 434, 439F
Kara Sea
radioactive wastes, disposal, 298
Kd, definition, 212
Kennett, James, 415–416
Kermadec Arc, volcanic helium, 152F,
153
Kinetic isotope effect, nitrogen, 549
Komsomolets, radioactive wastes, 302,
303–304,
Krypton
cosmogenic isotopes, 226T
oceanic sources, 227T
production rates, 227T
reservoir concentrations, 228, 228T
specific radioactivity, 229T
tracer applications, 230T
Kursk, radioactive content, 302
Kw ocean model, 233
Kyoto Protocol, sulfur hexafluoride and,
175
L
L1 ligand (copper), 77F
Labrador Sea
neodymium supply, 131
trace metal isotope ratios, 125
Lagrange constrained model optimization,
194–195, 195F
Lake(s)
gas exchange experiments, 177
l, definition, 212
l (decay constant), definition, 249
l 230 , definition, 212
l 231 , definition, 212
Land
erosion, river inputs, 462
Land–Ocean Interaction in the Coastal
Zone (LOICZ) project, 471
Land–ocean interface, 485
river inputs, 457
see also Land–sea global transfers
Land–sea global transfers, 485–494
coastal zones, 487–490
bioessential elements, 488–490
global warming and, 490–492
direction, 485
human influence, 485, 489F
Asia, 492–494
mechanisms, 485–487
trace elements, 487
Land surface(s)
cosmogenic isotope concentrations,
228T
Last glacial maximum (LGM), 461
d
18 O values, 414, 415F
Lava flows
lobate flows, 356F, 357
mid-ocean ridges
morphology, 355–356, 356F
pillow lava, 355–356, 356F, 357, 359F
sheet flows, 356F, 357
LC see Loop Current (LC)
LCDW see Lower Circumpolar Deep
Water (LCDW)
Lead (Pb)
anthropogenic, 455
in coastal waters/sediments, 278
concentration, N. Atlantic and N. Pacific
waters, 73T
in corals, 275
dissolved, 77
global atmosphere, emissions to,
285T
isotope ratios
Cenozoic, 131–132, 131F
global distribution, 127F
incongruent release, 133T
over time, 131–132, 131F
long-term tracer properties, 124T
North Sea, direct atmospheric
deposition, 283F
in open-ocean, 273, 273–276, 275F,
276F, 277F
evidence presented by Patterson and
co-workers, 273, 274F
flux from atmosphere, 274
North Atlantic see North Atlantic
North Pacific, 7, 273, 274F
South Pacific, 273, 274F
organic complexation, 77
pollution, 265–266
anthropogenic and natural sources,
266T
distribution, 268T
enrichment factor, 270T
Humber estuary, 268, 269F
sampling/analysis difficulties, 273
source materials, isotope ratios,
125T
stable isotope ratios, 275–276
Lead-210 (
210 Pb), 208–209
dissolved, distribution, 218–220
polonium-210 ratio, 219F
radium-226 ratio, 219–220, 219F
removal mechanisms, 219–220
see also Lead (Pb)
Leaded gasoline
phasing-out of, 273
impacts, 275, 276F, 277F
utilization, 273
changing patterns, 274275F
Lena estuary, Russia
enrichment factor, 269–270, 270T
river discharge, 458T
Leucocarboninae see Shag(s)
LGM see Last glacial maximum (LGM)
Libby half-life, 252
Life histories (and reproduction)
coccolithophores, 405–406
Light rare earth elements (LREE),
mid-ocean ridge basalt
composition, 359–360, 360F
Limestone
formation, 342–344
Limpopo (Mozambique), river discharge,
458T
Lindane, North Sea, direct atmospheric
deposition, 283F
618
Index
questions remaining, 109
societal challenge, 109–110
see also Nitrogen cycle; Phosphorus
cycle
Iron oxides, subterranean estuaries, 473
Iron-phosphorus-oxygen coupling,
577–578, 578
see also Phosphorus cycle
Iron sulfate, 449–450
‘Iron theory’, 102–103, 102F
Irrawaddy
dissolved loads, 462T
sediment load/yield, 460T
Irrigation
bioturbation and, 386–388
pore water profile, 386–388, 387F
Is, definition, 212
ISE (ion-selective electrode), 76, 76T
Isoprenoids, radiocarbon analysis, 258
Isopycnal mixing, tritium-helium-3
tracing and, 182–183
Isotopes
fractionation, 549, 554F
nitrogen, 541
Isotope tracers, long-term, 124T
Isotopic budget equation, 530
Isotopic ratios
in carbon cycle models, 527F, 530–531
in coral-based paleoclimate research,
424–425, 424T
Isthmus of Panama, paleoceanography
passage closure, 421
Iw, definition, 212
J
J (sedimentation rate), definition, 212
James, USA, river discharge, 458T
Japan
anthropogenic reactive nitrogen, 288T
Jasus (lobster)
chlorobiphenyl congeners, 169–170
J-flux, radiocarbon levels and, 233
JGOFS see Joint Global Ocean Flux
Study (JGOFS)
Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS),
233
Juan de Fuca Ridge
clay minerals
formation, 349
profile, 349F
Endeavour Segment, hydrothermal vent
deposits, 376–377
hydrothermal vent fluids, chemistry of
off-axis vents, 85–86
volcanic events, influence of, 85
MORB composition, 363F
volcanic helium, 150, 151F
K
K, definition, 212
k 1 , definition, 212
k À1 , definition, 212
k 2 , definition, 212
k À2 , definition, 212
Kalix River, uranium, 215
Kanon der Erdbestrahlung, 434, 439F
Kara Sea
radioactive wastes, disposal, 298
Kd, definition, 212
Kennett, James, 415–416
Kermadec Arc, volcanic helium, 152F,
153
Kinetic isotope effect, nitrogen, 549
Komsomolets, radioactive wastes, 302,
303–304,
Krypton
cosmogenic isotopes, 226T
oceanic sources, 227T
production rates, 227T
reservoir concentrations, 228, 228T
specific radioactivity, 229T
tracer applications, 230T
Kursk, radioactive content, 302
Kw ocean model, 233
Kyoto Protocol, sulfur hexafluoride and,
175
L
L1 ligand (copper), 77F
Labrador Sea
neodymium supply, 131
trace metal isotope ratios, 125
Lagrange constrained model optimization,
194–195, 195F
Lake(s)
gas exchange experiments, 177
l, definition, 212
l (decay constant), definition, 249
l 230 , definition, 212
l 231 , definition, 212
Land
erosion, river inputs, 462
Land–Ocean Interaction in the Coastal
Zone (LOICZ) project, 471
Land–ocean interface, 485
river inputs, 457
see also Land–sea global transfers
Land–sea global transfers, 485–494
coastal zones, 487–490
bioessential elements, 488–490
global warming and, 490–492
direction, 485
human influence, 485, 489F
Asia, 492–494
mechanisms, 485–487
trace elements, 487
Land surface(s)
cosmogenic isotope concentrations,
228T
Last glacial maximum (LGM), 461
d
18 O values, 414, 415F
Lava flows
lobate flows, 356F, 357
mid-ocean ridges
morphology, 355–356, 356F
pillow lava, 355–356, 356F, 357, 359F
sheet flows, 356F, 357
LC see Loop Current (LC)
LCDW see Lower Circumpolar Deep
Water (LCDW)
Lead (Pb)
anthropogenic, 455
in coastal waters/sediments, 278
concentration, N. Atlantic and N. Pacific
waters, 73T
in corals, 275
dissolved, 77
global atmosphere, emissions to,
285T
isotope ratios
Cenozoic, 131–132, 131F
global distribution, 127F
incongruent release, 133T
over time, 131–132, 131F
long-term tracer properties, 124T
North Sea, direct atmospheric
deposition, 283F
in open-ocean, 273, 273–276, 275F,
276F, 277F
evidence presented by Patterson and
co-workers, 273, 274F
flux from atmosphere, 274
North Atlantic see North Atlantic
North Pacific, 7, 273, 274F
South Pacific, 273, 274F
organic complexation, 77
pollution, 265–266
anthropogenic and natural sources,
266T
distribution, 268T
enrichment factor, 270T
Humber estuary, 268, 269F
sampling/analysis difficulties, 273
source materials, isotope ratios,
125T
stable isotope ratios, 275–276
Lead-210 (
210 Pb), 208–209
dissolved, distribution, 218–220
polonium-210 ratio, 219F
radium-226 ratio, 219–220, 219F
removal mechanisms, 219–220
see also Lead (Pb)
Leaded gasoline
phasing-out of, 273
impacts, 275, 276F, 277F
utilization, 273
changing patterns, 274275F
Lena estuary, Russia
enrichment factor, 269–270, 270T
river discharge, 458T
Leucocarboninae see Shag(s)
LGM see Last glacial maximum (LGM)
Libby half-life, 252
Life histories (and reproduction)
coccolithophores, 405–406
Light rare earth elements (LREE),
mid-ocean ridge basalt
composition, 359–360, 360F
Limestone
formation, 342–344
Limpopo (Mozambique), river discharge,
458T
Lindane, North Sea, direct atmospheric
deposition, 283F
618
Index