Hypoxia, 306–314
anthropogenic zones, 308
causes, 307
consequences, 311–313
direct effects, 311–313
secondary production, 313–314
‘dead zone’, 306–307
definitions, 306–307
geographic distribution, 306F, 306
marine organisms, affects to, 306
outlook, 314
oxygen, historical change in, 310–311
oxygen-minimum zones see Oxygen
minimum zone (OMZ)
systems, 307
see also Anoxia
I
IAEA (International Atomic Energy
Agency), 298
IBM see Lagrangian biological models
Ice
formation
dense water and, 135
noble gases and, 135–138
physical properties relevant, 135–136
tracer applications, 136–138
noble gas saturation and, 137,
137–138
phase partitioning of dissolved gases,
136
Ice ages
astronomical theory (Milankovitch,
Milutin), 433–434
‘Ice house world,’ oxygen isotope
evidence, 418–420
Ice-rafted detritus (IRD)
deposition, 418, 420
distribution, 418–419, 420
Ice sheets
formation, 418–419
ocean d
18
O values and, 414, 414–415,
415F
Illite, 346
distribution
Atlantic ocean, 346–347
global, 347F
Indian Ocean, 347–348348F
Incongruent release (of trace metals from
rocks), 132–133, 133T
Indian Ocean
benthic foraminifera, 393T
carbonate compensation depth, 344F
carbonate saturation, 341–342
depth profile, 340F
coral records, 429F
illite, 347–348, 348F
organochlorine compounds, 289T
osmium concentration, 31–32, 32T, 33F
platinum profiles, 32, 35F
radiocarbon, 239F, 241F
rare earth elements, associated with
particulate matter in sea water, 44T
river inputs, 462T
sea–air flux of carbon dioxide, 511T
smectite distribution, 348F
trace metal isotope ratios, 125
volcanic helium, 149
Indium
concentrations in ocean waters, 73T
crustal abundance, 53T
dissolved, 56–57
depth profile, 57F
properties in seawater, 53T
Indonesian-Malaysian Passages
paleoceanography
gateway and global ocean circulation,
421
Indus, sediment load/yield, 460T
Infrared thermography, 468F
saline groundwater detection, 467
Inorganic side-reaction coefficient, 75,
75T
Insolation, 435F
caloric summer half-year, 438F
glacial cycles and, 433
methods of calculation, 437
orbital parameters affecting, 434–436,
436F, 437
Institute of Marine Research, Norway,
302
Intermediate complexity models, carbon
cycle, 517–518
Intermediate-spreading ridges,
hydrothermal vent deposits,
375
International Atomic Energy Agency
(IAEA), 298
International Decade of Ocean
Exploration, 506
Introductions, of species see Exotic
species introductions
Inuits, chlorinated hydrocarbons, 173
Inverse models/modeling, 188–199
absolute velocities and nutrient fluxes,
190–192
adjoint method, 192–193
advantages, 190
basic concepts, 190
carbon cycle, 518
carbon export fluxes by adjoint method,
192–198
comparison with measurements, 194
error analysis, 198
error sources, 190
optimization, 194, 195–198, 195F
particulate organic carbon (POC), 197F,
198
radiocarbon, 195–198, 196F
section inverse approach, 190–192
tracer fluxes, 191–192
see also Inverse methods
Invertebrates
hypoxia, 311, 312F
Iodine (I), cosmogenic isotopes, 226T
Iodine-129 (129I), nuclear fuel
reprocessing, 291, 293T, 294
Ionic conductivity see Conductivity (sea
water)
Ion-selective electrodes (ISE), 76, 76T
IRD see Ice-rafted detritus (IRD)
Iridium (Ir), 29
concentrations
deep earth, 29T
N. Atlantic and N. Pacific waters,
73T
sea water, 29T, 32
vertical profiles, 32, 34F
see also Platinum group elements (PGEs)
Iron (Fe)
availability, dinitrogen (N 2 ) fixation and,
109, 544
concentration
N. Atlantic and N. Pacific waters,
73T
seawater, 103
vertical distribution in seawater, 103,
104F
cosmogenic isotopes, 226T
crustal abundance, 53T
cycling, 385F
estuarine sediments, 452–453, 453F
sediments, 384–385, 385F
depth profiles, estuarine sediments,
450F, 451F
dissolved, 59–60
depth profile, 61F
properties in seawater, 53T
in ferromanganese deposits, 326–327
manganese and, 329F
inorganic speciation, 75
in limitation of phytoplankton growth,
102–103, 102F, 103, 104
organic complexes, 77
oxidation, 451
photochemical reaction, effects of,
95
precipitation, 103
reduction, 449–451
reduction of oxides, 451–452
role, 100, 103–104
sediment oxidation processes, 449
Iron enrichment studies, 179–180, 180
sulfur hexafluoride marking, 179
IRONEX experiments, 104, 105F,
106–107, 108, 109, 175
results, 179F, 179
see also Iron fertilization
Iron fertilization, 100, 104, 100–111
carbon cycle and, 100, 108–109, 108F,
109, 109F
experimental measurements, 105–106
experimental strategy, 104
fluorometry, 105
form of iron, 104, 105F
inert tracer, 104–105, 105F
Lagrangian point of reference, 105
remote sensing, 105
shipboard iron analysis, 105
findings to date, 106
biophysical response, 106
carbon flux, 108–109, 108F, 109F
growth response, 106–107, 107F
heterotrophic community, 100–101
nitrate uptake, 106
nutrient uptake ratios, 107F, 107
organic ligands, 107–108
Index
617
anthropogenic zones, 308
causes, 307
consequences, 311–313
direct effects, 311–313
secondary production, 313–314
‘dead zone’, 306–307
definitions, 306–307
geographic distribution, 306F, 306
marine organisms, affects to, 306
outlook, 314
oxygen, historical change in, 310–311
oxygen-minimum zones see Oxygen
minimum zone (OMZ)
systems, 307
see also Anoxia
I
IAEA (International Atomic Energy
Agency), 298
IBM see Lagrangian biological models
Ice
formation
dense water and, 135
noble gases and, 135–138
physical properties relevant, 135–136
tracer applications, 136–138
noble gas saturation and, 137,
137–138
phase partitioning of dissolved gases,
136
Ice ages
astronomical theory (Milankovitch,
Milutin), 433–434
‘Ice house world,’ oxygen isotope
evidence, 418–420
Ice-rafted detritus (IRD)
deposition, 418, 420
distribution, 418–419, 420
Ice sheets
formation, 418–419
ocean d
18
O values and, 414, 414–415,
415F
Illite, 346
distribution
Atlantic ocean, 346–347
global, 347F
Indian Ocean, 347–348348F
Incongruent release (of trace metals from
rocks), 132–133, 133T
Indian Ocean
benthic foraminifera, 393T
carbonate compensation depth, 344F
carbonate saturation, 341–342
depth profile, 340F
coral records, 429F
illite, 347–348, 348F
organochlorine compounds, 289T
osmium concentration, 31–32, 32T, 33F
platinum profiles, 32, 35F
radiocarbon, 239F, 241F
rare earth elements, associated with
particulate matter in sea water, 44T
river inputs, 462T
sea–air flux of carbon dioxide, 511T
smectite distribution, 348F
trace metal isotope ratios, 125
volcanic helium, 149
Indium
concentrations in ocean waters, 73T
crustal abundance, 53T
dissolved, 56–57
depth profile, 57F
properties in seawater, 53T
Indonesian-Malaysian Passages
paleoceanography
gateway and global ocean circulation,
421
Indus, sediment load/yield, 460T
Infrared thermography, 468F
saline groundwater detection, 467
Inorganic side-reaction coefficient, 75,
75T
Insolation, 435F
caloric summer half-year, 438F
glacial cycles and, 433
methods of calculation, 437
orbital parameters affecting, 434–436,
436F, 437
Institute of Marine Research, Norway,
302
Intermediate complexity models, carbon
cycle, 517–518
Intermediate-spreading ridges,
hydrothermal vent deposits,
375
International Atomic Energy Agency
(IAEA), 298
International Decade of Ocean
Exploration, 506
Introductions, of species see Exotic
species introductions
Inuits, chlorinated hydrocarbons, 173
Inverse models/modeling, 188–199
absolute velocities and nutrient fluxes,
190–192
adjoint method, 192–193
advantages, 190
basic concepts, 190
carbon cycle, 518
carbon export fluxes by adjoint method,
192–198
comparison with measurements, 194
error analysis, 198
error sources, 190
optimization, 194, 195–198, 195F
particulate organic carbon (POC), 197F,
198
radiocarbon, 195–198, 196F
section inverse approach, 190–192
tracer fluxes, 191–192
see also Inverse methods
Invertebrates
hypoxia, 311, 312F
Iodine (I), cosmogenic isotopes, 226T
Iodine-129 (129I), nuclear fuel
reprocessing, 291, 293T, 294
Ionic conductivity see Conductivity (sea
water)
Ion-selective electrodes (ISE), 76, 76T
IRD see Ice-rafted detritus (IRD)
Iridium (Ir), 29
concentrations
deep earth, 29T
N. Atlantic and N. Pacific waters,
73T
sea water, 29T, 32
vertical profiles, 32, 34F
see also Platinum group elements (PGEs)
Iron (Fe)
availability, dinitrogen (N 2 ) fixation and,
109, 544
concentration
N. Atlantic and N. Pacific waters,
73T
seawater, 103
vertical distribution in seawater, 103,
104F
cosmogenic isotopes, 226T
crustal abundance, 53T
cycling, 385F
estuarine sediments, 452–453, 453F
sediments, 384–385, 385F
depth profiles, estuarine sediments,
450F, 451F
dissolved, 59–60
depth profile, 61F
properties in seawater, 53T
in ferromanganese deposits, 326–327
manganese and, 329F
inorganic speciation, 75
in limitation of phytoplankton growth,
102–103, 102F, 103, 104
organic complexes, 77
oxidation, 451
photochemical reaction, effects of,
95
precipitation, 103
reduction, 449–451
reduction of oxides, 451–452
role, 100, 103–104
sediment oxidation processes, 449
Iron enrichment studies, 179–180, 180
sulfur hexafluoride marking, 179
IRONEX experiments, 104, 105F,
106–107, 108, 109, 175
results, 179F, 179
see also Iron fertilization
Iron fertilization, 100, 104, 100–111
carbon cycle and, 100, 108–109, 108F,
109, 109F
experimental measurements, 105–106
experimental strategy, 104
fluorometry, 105
form of iron, 104, 105F
inert tracer, 104–105, 105F
Lagrangian point of reference, 105
remote sensing, 105
shipboard iron analysis, 105
findings to date, 106
biophysical response, 106
carbon flux, 108–109, 108F, 109F
growth response, 106–107, 107F
heterotrophic community, 100–101
nitrate uptake, 106
nutrient uptake ratios, 107F, 107
organic ligands, 107–108
Index
617