Hydrates, 593
see also Methane hydrate(s)
Hydrodynamic forcing, tracer release and,
176
Hydrogen (H 2 )
cosmogenic isotopes
oceanic sources, 227T
production rates, 227T
reservoir concentrations, 228T
specific radioactivity, 229T
estuaries, gas exchange in, 480
Hydrogen carbonate, in river water, 14,
14T
Hydrogenetic ferromanganese nodules,
325
Hydrogenous environments, clay
minerals, 348–350
Hydrographic sections, 191F
Hydrology, submarine groundwater
discharge (SGD), 467–468
Hydrothermal environments, 348–349
clay minerals, 348–350
Hydrothermal flow cell, hydrothermal
vent fluids, chemistry of, 83–84,
84F, 87
Hydrothermal vent(s)
conservative element concentrations in
sea water and, 15F, 15
radionuclide output, 215
Hydrothermal vent chimneys, 375–376,
375F
black smokers, 374
evolution to white smokers, 376
fluid temperature, 81, 82F
elemental and mineral compositions,
379, 379F
mineral precipitation, 379
fluid temperature, 84–85
growth model, 376F, 377, 379F
as habitats, 376, 379
chemosynthesis, 379
morphology, 375–376, 379F
venting style, 84–85
white smokers, 375F, 376
see also ‘Black smokers’; Deep-sea
ridges, microbiology; Hydrothermal
vent biota; Hydrothermal vent
deposits; Hydrothermal vent
ecology; Hydrothermal vent fauna,
physiology of
Hydrothermal vent deposits, 374–380
anhydrite precipitation and chimney
growth, 376F, 377
axial summit troughs, 374–375
deposition process, 374
diffuse fluid seepage, 375–376
mineral precipitation, 375–376, 375F,
376F, 377, 377–379, 379
distribution, geologic controls on, 374,
374–375
axial zone distribution, 374–375
fast-spreading ridges, 374, 374–375
faulting, 374–375
intermediate-spreading ridges, 375
lava burial of deposits, 374–375
magmatic sources, 374
ridge segmentation, 374
rift valley distribution, 375
slow-spreading ridges, 375
see also Mid-ocean ridge geochemistry
and petrology; Mid-ocean ridge
seismic structure; Propagating rifts
and microplates; Seamounts and
off-ridge volcanism
elemental/mineral composition, 376T,
377–379, 377T
chimneys, 379F, 379
mineral precipitation processes,
377–379, 379
mineral zoning, 375F, 376F, 379
fossil record of hydrothermal vent
organisms, 379–380
evolution of vent communities,
379–380
fossilization processes, 379
habitats, 374, 376, 379, 379F
see also Deep-sea ridges,
microbiology; Hydrothermal vent
biota; Hydrothermal vent fauna,
physiology of
hydrothermal sediments, 375–376
particulate debris, 375–376
plume particles, 374, 375–376
Juan de Fuca Ridge, Endeavour
Segment, 376–377
lava flow burial, 376–377, 379
metal sulfide minerals precipitation and
chimney growth, 376F, 377
mining, 374, 377–379
ophiolites, 374, 379, 379–380
seafloor sediments, 375, 376–377
seafloor weathering, 379
structures, 375–377
chimneys see Hydrothermal vent
chimneys
debris piles, 375–376
development, 375
edifices, 375–376, 375F
encrustations, 375–376
flanges, 375–376, 375F
morphology, 375–376
mounds of accumulated mineral
precipitates, 375–376, 375F,
379
size, 376–377
stockwork, 375
see also Hydrothermal vent fluids,
chemistry of; Mid-ocean ridge
geochemistry and petrology;
Mid-ocean ridge seismic structure;
Propagating rifts and microplates;
Seamounts and off-ridge volcanism
Hydrothermal vent fluids, chemistry of,
81–88
black smokers, 81, 82F
chemical flux, 81, 87
chimney construction, fluid temperature
and venting style, 84–85
fluid composition controls, 83–85
biological uptake/removal, 83–84
magmatic degassing, 83–84
phase separation, 83–84, 84F, 86–87,
water-rock reaction, 83–84, 84F,
86–87
fluid composition observations, 86–87,
86T
acidity, 86–87
chlorinity, 86–87, 87
enrichment, 86–87
low-temperature diffuse flow, 86–87
seafloor physical parameters, noncorrelation to, 87
sea water comparison, 86–87, 86T
steady-state venting, 87
tectonic/cracking events, influences of,
85, 87
time, variations with, 87
fluid temperature and venting style,
84–85
chimney construction, 84–85
high-temperature focused flow,
84–85
low-temperature diffuse flow, 84–85,
86–87
global distribution, 81, 83F
back arc spreading centers, 81, 83F
mid-ocean ridge system, 81
heat flux, 81, 85–86, 87
off-axis vents, 85–86
hydrothermal flow cell, 83–84, 84F, 87
oceanic crust interaction, 83–84, 84F,
86–87
off-axis vents, 85–86
data collection difficulties, 85–86
Juan de Fuca Ridge, 85–86
plumes, 81–83
lack of, 85–86
observations, 85
see also Hydrothermal plumes
sea water, properties of, 81, 83–84, 84F
survey and discovery methods, 81,
81–83
Alvin, 82F, 85
dredging, 81–83
nested survey strategy, 81–83
Ocean Drilling Program, 85–86
ROV (remotely operated vehicle),
81–83
SOSUS (Sound Surveillance System),
85
surface ship surveys, 81–83, 85
tectonic/cracking events, influences of,
85
fluid composition, 85, 87
fluid temperature, 85
spreading rates, variations with, 85
volcanic events, influences of, 85, 87
Alvin observations, 85
see also Hydrothermal vent deposits;
Mid-ocean ridge geochemistry and
petrology; Mid-ocean ridge seismic
structure; Mid-ocean ridge
tectonics, volcanism and
geomorphology; Seamounts and
off-ridge volcanism
Hydrothermal venting, 147, 153
Hydroxyl radical (OH), 91–92, 92
Hypersaline, definition, 335
616
Index
see also Methane hydrate(s)
Hydrodynamic forcing, tracer release and,
176
Hydrogen (H 2 )
cosmogenic isotopes
oceanic sources, 227T
production rates, 227T
reservoir concentrations, 228T
specific radioactivity, 229T
estuaries, gas exchange in, 480
Hydrogen carbonate, in river water, 14,
14T
Hydrogenetic ferromanganese nodules,
325
Hydrogenous environments, clay
minerals, 348–350
Hydrographic sections, 191F
Hydrology, submarine groundwater
discharge (SGD), 467–468
Hydrothermal environments, 348–349
clay minerals, 348–350
Hydrothermal flow cell, hydrothermal
vent fluids, chemistry of, 83–84,
84F, 87
Hydrothermal vent(s)
conservative element concentrations in
sea water and, 15F, 15
radionuclide output, 215
Hydrothermal vent chimneys, 375–376,
375F
black smokers, 374
evolution to white smokers, 376
fluid temperature, 81, 82F
elemental and mineral compositions,
379, 379F
mineral precipitation, 379
fluid temperature, 84–85
growth model, 376F, 377, 379F
as habitats, 376, 379
chemosynthesis, 379
morphology, 375–376, 379F
venting style, 84–85
white smokers, 375F, 376
see also ‘Black smokers’; Deep-sea
ridges, microbiology; Hydrothermal
vent biota; Hydrothermal vent
deposits; Hydrothermal vent
ecology; Hydrothermal vent fauna,
physiology of
Hydrothermal vent deposits, 374–380
anhydrite precipitation and chimney
growth, 376F, 377
axial summit troughs, 374–375
deposition process, 374
diffuse fluid seepage, 375–376
mineral precipitation, 375–376, 375F,
376F, 377, 377–379, 379
distribution, geologic controls on, 374,
374–375
axial zone distribution, 374–375
fast-spreading ridges, 374, 374–375
faulting, 374–375
intermediate-spreading ridges, 375
lava burial of deposits, 374–375
magmatic sources, 374
ridge segmentation, 374
rift valley distribution, 375
slow-spreading ridges, 375
see also Mid-ocean ridge geochemistry
and petrology; Mid-ocean ridge
seismic structure; Propagating rifts
and microplates; Seamounts and
off-ridge volcanism
elemental/mineral composition, 376T,
377–379, 377T
chimneys, 379F, 379
mineral precipitation processes,
377–379, 379
mineral zoning, 375F, 376F, 379
fossil record of hydrothermal vent
organisms, 379–380
evolution of vent communities,
379–380
fossilization processes, 379
habitats, 374, 376, 379, 379F
see also Deep-sea ridges,
microbiology; Hydrothermal vent
biota; Hydrothermal vent fauna,
physiology of
hydrothermal sediments, 375–376
particulate debris, 375–376
plume particles, 374, 375–376
Juan de Fuca Ridge, Endeavour
Segment, 376–377
lava flow burial, 376–377, 379
metal sulfide minerals precipitation and
chimney growth, 376F, 377
mining, 374, 377–379
ophiolites, 374, 379, 379–380
seafloor sediments, 375, 376–377
seafloor weathering, 379
structures, 375–377
chimneys see Hydrothermal vent
chimneys
debris piles, 375–376
development, 375
edifices, 375–376, 375F
encrustations, 375–376
flanges, 375–376, 375F
morphology, 375–376
mounds of accumulated mineral
precipitates, 375–376, 375F,
379
size, 376–377
stockwork, 375
see also Hydrothermal vent fluids,
chemistry of; Mid-ocean ridge
geochemistry and petrology;
Mid-ocean ridge seismic structure;
Propagating rifts and microplates;
Seamounts and off-ridge volcanism
Hydrothermal vent fluids, chemistry of,
81–88
black smokers, 81, 82F
chemical flux, 81, 87
chimney construction, fluid temperature
and venting style, 84–85
fluid composition controls, 83–85
biological uptake/removal, 83–84
magmatic degassing, 83–84
phase separation, 83–84, 84F, 86–87,
water-rock reaction, 83–84, 84F,
86–87
fluid composition observations, 86–87,
86T
acidity, 86–87
chlorinity, 86–87, 87
enrichment, 86–87
low-temperature diffuse flow, 86–87
seafloor physical parameters, noncorrelation to, 87
sea water comparison, 86–87, 86T
steady-state venting, 87
tectonic/cracking events, influences of,
85, 87
time, variations with, 87
fluid temperature and venting style,
84–85
chimney construction, 84–85
high-temperature focused flow,
84–85
low-temperature diffuse flow, 84–85,
86–87
global distribution, 81, 83F
back arc spreading centers, 81, 83F
mid-ocean ridge system, 81
heat flux, 81, 85–86, 87
off-axis vents, 85–86
hydrothermal flow cell, 83–84, 84F, 87
oceanic crust interaction, 83–84, 84F,
86–87
off-axis vents, 85–86
data collection difficulties, 85–86
Juan de Fuca Ridge, 85–86
plumes, 81–83
lack of, 85–86
observations, 85
see also Hydrothermal plumes
sea water, properties of, 81, 83–84, 84F
survey and discovery methods, 81,
81–83
Alvin, 82F, 85
dredging, 81–83
nested survey strategy, 81–83
Ocean Drilling Program, 85–86
ROV (remotely operated vehicle),
81–83
SOSUS (Sound Surveillance System),
85
surface ship surveys, 81–83, 85
tectonic/cracking events, influences of,
85
fluid composition, 85, 87
fluid temperature, 85
spreading rates, variations with, 85
volcanic events, influences of, 85, 87
Alvin observations, 85
see also Hydrothermal vent deposits;
Mid-ocean ridge geochemistry and
petrology; Mid-ocean ridge seismic
structure; Mid-ocean ridge
tectonics, volcanism and
geomorphology; Seamounts and
off-ridge volcanism
Hydrothermal venting, 147, 153
Hydroxyl radical (OH), 91–92, 92
Hypersaline, definition, 335
616
Index