Germanium:silicon ratio, as weathering
vs. hydrothermal input tracer, 68
Gigatons, 505
Glacial cycles
ice extent, 437F, 439F
Milankovich variability and, 433–442
history, 433–434
orbital parameters and insolation, 433
Plio-Pleistocene, 436–438
modeling, 438–441
periodicity, 436F, 438F, 441
Glacial transitions, nitrogen isotope
ratios, 562F
Glauconite, hypoxia, 311
Glaucony, 350
formation, 351F
Global atmosphere
metals, emission of, 285T
Global carbon cycle see Carbon cycle
Global climate models (GCMs)
advantages, 521
carbon cycle, 519–520
chemical tracers and, 519
subgrid-scale parametrization, 519
Global marine pollution, 263–264
changing priorities, 264
global attention to problem, 263–264
invasive species, 264
oil and human sewage, 263
perception of ocean dumping capacity,
263
‘pollution’ defined, 264
radioactive waste and metals, 263
synthetic organics and plastics, 263
see also Pollution
Global ocean
atmospheric deposition, 285–287
sea–air flux of carbon dioxide, 511T
Global warming, 513
land-sea fluxes and, coastal zones,
490–492
see also Carbon sequestration by direct
injection; Climate change;
Economics of sea level rise;
Greenhouse climates
Globigerina bulloides foraminifera, 401
Go-Flo bottles, 7–9
Gold, concentrations in ocean waters,
73T
Gonyualax, 119F
Gorda Ridge
volcanic helium, 150
GPTS see Geomagnetic polarity timescale
(GPTS)
Gravitational tides see Tide(s)
Greenhouse gas, 495
release during early Cenozoic, 420
see also Climate change; Sulfur
hexafluoride
‘Greenhouse world’
oxygen isotope evidence, 418
Greenland Sea
tracer release experiments, 180
Groundwater
cycle, 466F
definition, 465
flow to ocean, 465–474
at coastal margins, 466–467
governing equations, 465–466
freshwater-saltwater interface, 467
Guano, phosphorite deposit formation,
331
Gymnosperms, lipid biomarkers, 254F
Gyre models, 518F, 518
H
H 230 , definition, 212
H 231 , definition, 212
Hafnium
concentrations in ocean waters, 73T
crustal abundance, 53T
dissolved, 58–59
depth profile, 59F
properties in seawater, 53T
surface distribution, 55F
zirconium atom ratio, 59F
long-term tracer properties, 124T
global distribution, 127F
source materials, 125–126
isotope ratios, 125T
Haloperoxidases, 116–117
Halophiles, lipid biomarkers, 254F
Halowax, 165
Hanford complex, 301
Hawaiian Islands, volcanic helium,
152–153
Heavy metals
analytical techniques, 74
concentrations, 72
conservative type, 73, 74F
distribution maps, 74
micronutrient aspects, 79
mixed type, 74
nutrient type, 73–74, 74F
scavenged type, 73, 74F
speciation, 74–75, 72–80
inorganic, 75
organic, 75
Helium
3 He vs. 4He, 149, 150F
atmospheric, 147
atmospheric abundance, 135T
cosmogenic isotopes, 226T
extraction, 147
ice solubility, 136
isotope ratio anomaly
Bermuda, 185F
nitrate correlation, 186F
isotopes, 147
origin of oceans, 3, 4F
phase partitioning, 136T
‘primordial’, 147
radiogenic, 147
saturation responses, 137–138, 138F
seawater concentration, 135T
terrestrial helium budget, 148F, 148
tritiogenic, 147
units, 147
Helium-3
3 He vs. 4He, 149, 150F
Air–sea flux, 186
nitrate flux and, 187
seasonal variation, 186
cosmogenic isotopes, production rates,
227T
long-term variations, production
estimates and, 187
Sargasso Sea, 186
sulfur hexafluoride dual tracer release,
177–178
tracer applications, 230T
Helium-4
3 He vs. 4He, 149, 150F
Hellenic Trench, clay mineral
composition, 353–354
Hemipelagic, definition, 335
Henry’s Law, 475, 497
Henry’s Law constant, 475
definition, 481
Heptachlor
structure, 164F
Heterocyclic molecules, marine
environment, 117
Heterotrophic nitrification, 543
Heterotrophic respiration, 452
Heterotrophy, corals, 423–424, 425–426
Hexachlorobenzene, structure, 164F
Hexachlorobiphenyls, structure, 164F
High Himalayan Crystalline Series,
silicate minerals, strontium
isotopic ratios, 526
High-molecular-weight compounds, 258
High-nitrate, high-chlorophyll (HNHC)
regions, 101–102, 101T
High-nitrate, low-chlorophyll (HNLC)
regions, 101–102, 101T, 102–103,
102F, 103F
iron deficiency, 100F, 102–103, 103
see also Iron fertilization
High-performance liquid chromatography
(HPLC), radiocarbon analysis, 256
sample contamination, 256
Himalayan uplift, carbon cycle changes
and associated processes, 525–526,
526, 527
Hingham Bay, pore water vs. depth
concentration profiles, 450F
HMW (high-molecular-weight
compounds), 258
Holocene
land-sea carbon flux, 490
Hot vents see Hydrothermal vent(s)
Huanghe (Yellow River), hypoxia, 309
Human activities, adverse effects
on global phosphorus cycle, 572
increased atmospheric carbon dioxide
concentrations, 495–496, 497F
release of platinum group elements,
37–38, 37F
Human population, land-sea fluxes and,
492
Humber estuary, UK
enrichment factor, 270T
metal pollution, 268, 269F
Humboldt Current see Peru Current
Humics, 594
Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 433–434
Index
615
vs. hydrothermal input tracer, 68
Gigatons, 505
Glacial cycles
ice extent, 437F, 439F
Milankovich variability and, 433–442
history, 433–434
orbital parameters and insolation, 433
Plio-Pleistocene, 436–438
modeling, 438–441
periodicity, 436F, 438F, 441
Glacial transitions, nitrogen isotope
ratios, 562F
Glauconite, hypoxia, 311
Glaucony, 350
formation, 351F
Global atmosphere
metals, emission of, 285T
Global carbon cycle see Carbon cycle
Global climate models (GCMs)
advantages, 521
carbon cycle, 519–520
chemical tracers and, 519
subgrid-scale parametrization, 519
Global marine pollution, 263–264
changing priorities, 264
global attention to problem, 263–264
invasive species, 264
oil and human sewage, 263
perception of ocean dumping capacity,
263
‘pollution’ defined, 264
radioactive waste and metals, 263
synthetic organics and plastics, 263
see also Pollution
Global ocean
atmospheric deposition, 285–287
sea–air flux of carbon dioxide, 511T
Global warming, 513
land-sea fluxes and, coastal zones,
490–492
see also Carbon sequestration by direct
injection; Climate change;
Economics of sea level rise;
Greenhouse climates
Globigerina bulloides foraminifera, 401
Go-Flo bottles, 7–9
Gold, concentrations in ocean waters,
73T
Gonyualax, 119F
Gorda Ridge
volcanic helium, 150
GPTS see Geomagnetic polarity timescale
(GPTS)
Gravitational tides see Tide(s)
Greenhouse gas, 495
release during early Cenozoic, 420
see also Climate change; Sulfur
hexafluoride
‘Greenhouse world’
oxygen isotope evidence, 418
Greenland Sea
tracer release experiments, 180
Groundwater
cycle, 466F
definition, 465
flow to ocean, 465–474
at coastal margins, 466–467
governing equations, 465–466
freshwater-saltwater interface, 467
Guano, phosphorite deposit formation,
331
Gymnosperms, lipid biomarkers, 254F
Gyre models, 518F, 518
H
H 230 , definition, 212
H 231 , definition, 212
Hafnium
concentrations in ocean waters, 73T
crustal abundance, 53T
dissolved, 58–59
depth profile, 59F
properties in seawater, 53T
surface distribution, 55F
zirconium atom ratio, 59F
long-term tracer properties, 124T
global distribution, 127F
source materials, 125–126
isotope ratios, 125T
Haloperoxidases, 116–117
Halophiles, lipid biomarkers, 254F
Halowax, 165
Hanford complex, 301
Hawaiian Islands, volcanic helium,
152–153
Heavy metals
analytical techniques, 74
concentrations, 72
conservative type, 73, 74F
distribution maps, 74
micronutrient aspects, 79
mixed type, 74
nutrient type, 73–74, 74F
scavenged type, 73, 74F
speciation, 74–75, 72–80
inorganic, 75
organic, 75
Helium
3 He vs. 4He, 149, 150F
atmospheric, 147
atmospheric abundance, 135T
cosmogenic isotopes, 226T
extraction, 147
ice solubility, 136
isotope ratio anomaly
Bermuda, 185F
nitrate correlation, 186F
isotopes, 147
origin of oceans, 3, 4F
phase partitioning, 136T
‘primordial’, 147
radiogenic, 147
saturation responses, 137–138, 138F
seawater concentration, 135T
terrestrial helium budget, 148F, 148
tritiogenic, 147
units, 147
Helium-3
3 He vs. 4He, 149, 150F
Air–sea flux, 186
nitrate flux and, 187
seasonal variation, 186
cosmogenic isotopes, production rates,
227T
long-term variations, production
estimates and, 187
Sargasso Sea, 186
sulfur hexafluoride dual tracer release,
177–178
tracer applications, 230T
Helium-4
3 He vs. 4He, 149, 150F
Hellenic Trench, clay mineral
composition, 353–354
Hemipelagic, definition, 335
Henry’s Law, 475, 497
Henry’s Law constant, 475
definition, 481
Heptachlor
structure, 164F
Heterocyclic molecules, marine
environment, 117
Heterotrophic nitrification, 543
Heterotrophic respiration, 452
Heterotrophy, corals, 423–424, 425–426
Hexachlorobenzene, structure, 164F
Hexachlorobiphenyls, structure, 164F
High Himalayan Crystalline Series,
silicate minerals, strontium
isotopic ratios, 526
High-molecular-weight compounds, 258
High-nitrate, high-chlorophyll (HNHC)
regions, 101–102, 101T
High-nitrate, low-chlorophyll (HNLC)
regions, 101–102, 101T, 102–103,
102F, 103F
iron deficiency, 100F, 102–103, 103
see also Iron fertilization
High-performance liquid chromatography
(HPLC), radiocarbon analysis, 256
sample contamination, 256
Himalayan uplift, carbon cycle changes
and associated processes, 525–526,
526, 527
Hingham Bay, pore water vs. depth
concentration profiles, 450F
HMW (high-molecular-weight
compounds), 258
Holocene
land-sea carbon flux, 490
Hot vents see Hydrothermal vent(s)
Huanghe (Yellow River), hypoxia, 309
Human activities, adverse effects
on global phosphorus cycle, 572
increased atmospheric carbon dioxide
concentrations, 495–496, 497F
release of platinum group elements,
37–38, 37F
Human population, land-sea fluxes and,
492
Humber estuary, UK
enrichment factor, 270T
metal pollution, 268, 269F
Humboldt Current see Peru Current
Humics, 594
Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 433–434
Index
615