Europe see Europe/European Union (EU)
Europe/European Union (EU)
anthropogenic reactive nitrogen,
288T
river water, composition, 486T
Europium, 39, 40
dissolved, vertical profile, 44F
see also Rare earth elements (REEs)
Eustigmatophytes, lipid biomarkers,
254F
Eutrophication, 572
coastal ecosystems, 307, 308
Evaporation
effect on d
18 O values, 412F, 412
Evolution
coccolithophores, 408–409
Excess helium-3, 521
‘Excess volatiles,’ ocean origin, 3
Exotic species introductions, 264
see also Mariculture
Exploitation see Human exploitation
Export production, 181, 533
definition, 521
diatoms and, 533
see also Silica cycle
Sargasso Sea, 187T
see also Carbon cycle
Extraterrestrial material, in marine
sediments, platinum group
elements as tracers, 34–37, 36F
F
F 230 , definition, 212
0
F 230 , definition, 212
Fast-spreading ridges
lava morphology, 355–356, 356F
MORB chemical variability, 361
Ferromanganese deposits, 325–327
barite crystals, 332F
composition, 325–326
crusts, 328–329, 330F
composition, 328–329
distribution, 325, 328F
types, 326F
growth rates, 326–327
metal sources, 326–327
nodules, 325, 325–327
distribution, 325, 327F
manganese/iron ratios, 329F
types, 325, 326F
trace metal sources, 327–328
Fertilizers
application levels, 489F
dinitrogen (N 2 ) fixation and, 544
Fick’s First Law of Diffusion,
475–476
Fiord(s)
hypoxia, 307–308
Fish(es)
hypoxia, 311, 312F
nitrogen cycle and, 542T
Fishery resources
eutrophication, habitat effects,
313–314
hypoxia, effects of, 313F
Fish eyes see Fish vision
Fitzroy-East (Australia), sediment
load/yield, 460T
Fixed nitrogen
assimilation, 553–554
estuarine sediments and, 454
Fixed-potential amperometry (FPA), 76,
76T
Flooding/floods
rivers, impact to, 458
Florisphaera profunda coccolithophore,
402F, 405
Fluorescence
colored dissolved organic matter,
92
coral-based paleoclimate research,
424T, 426
Fluoride (F
À
)
concentration in sea water, 14T
determination, 13
Fluorometry
iron fertilization experiments, 105
Flushing time
definition, 271
Flux chamber, 476–477
Food additives, marine organisms,
113–116
Foraminifera
calcium carbonate content, paleological
series, 343F
calcium carbonate production, 336
carbonate oozes, 337F
fragmentation, 340F
paleological record, 343F
hypoxia, 311
oxygen isotope variability, glacial cycles
and, 434
shells
dissolution, 340–341
Formaldehyde, oxidation, 448–449
Forward models
disadvantages, 190
Fossil record, hydrothermal vent
organisms, 379–380
evolution of vent communities,
379–380
fossilization processes, 379
Fossil water, 382
FPA (fixed-potential amperometry), 76,
76T
Fraction modern carbon, 252
Fram Strait
nuclear fuel reprocessing tracers,
296–297
F-ratio, 181
Fresh submarine groundwater discharge,
465
drivers, 466–467
Fresh water-brackish water interface
(FBI), 266
Fs, definition, 212
Fucus, 270, 270T
Fuel rods, 292
Fuels, marine organisms, 117–118
Fungi, lipid biomarkers, 254F
Fw, definition, 212
G
Galapagos Islands
coral records, 426–427, 428F, 429F
Galapagos Mounds Field, clay mineral
profile, smectite composition,
350T
Galapagos Spreading Center
clay mineral formation, 349
clay mineral profile, 349F
smectite composition, 350T
hydrothermal vent fluids, temperature
and venting style, 84–85
Gallium
concentrations in ocean waters,
73T
crustal abundance, 53T
dissolved, 55–56
depth profile, 57F
properties in seawater, 53T
surface distribution, 55F
Ganges/Bramaputra
dissolved loads, 462T
river discharge, 458T
sediment load/yield, 460T
Gas(es)
atmospheric contaminant deposition,
281
ice solubility, 136
solubility, 583
definition, 481
estuaries, gas exchange in, 475
Gas chromatography
nitrogen isotope analysis, 549–550
sulfur hexafluoride and, 178–179
Gas exchange
investigated by uranium-thorium decay
series, 212T
Gas flux, 583–584
Gas transfer velocity, k, 595
GCM see General circulation models
(GCM)
General circulation models (GCM)
carbon cycle, 519–520
glacial cycle modeling, 438
Geochemical Ocean Sections Study
(GEOSECS), 7, 148, 190, 506
carbon isotopes, 566
initiation and role, 7
oxygen isotope ratios, 564
radioactive wastes, 7, 302–303
radiocarbon, 238–239, 242, 243F
uranium-thorium decay series, 210
Geochemical sections, radioisotope
tracers and, 231
GEOSECS see Geochemical Ocean
Sections Study (GEOSECS)
Geostrophic principle, 190–191
Geostrophic velocity, 190–191
Gephyrocapsa oceanica coccolithophore,
402F
Gerard barrel, radiocarbon, 238
Germanium (Ge), 64, 68
concentrations in ocean waters, 73T
depth profile, 68F, 68
methylated forms, 68, 68F, 71
614
Index
Europe/European Union (EU)
anthropogenic reactive nitrogen,
288T
river water, composition, 486T
Europium, 39, 40
dissolved, vertical profile, 44F
see also Rare earth elements (REEs)
Eustigmatophytes, lipid biomarkers,
254F
Eutrophication, 572
coastal ecosystems, 307, 308
Evaporation
effect on d
18 O values, 412F, 412
Evolution
coccolithophores, 408–409
Excess helium-3, 521
‘Excess volatiles,’ ocean origin, 3
Exotic species introductions, 264
see also Mariculture
Exploitation see Human exploitation
Export production, 181, 533
definition, 521
diatoms and, 533
see also Silica cycle
Sargasso Sea, 187T
see also Carbon cycle
Extraterrestrial material, in marine
sediments, platinum group
elements as tracers, 34–37, 36F
F
F 230 , definition, 212
0
F 230 , definition, 212
Fast-spreading ridges
lava morphology, 355–356, 356F
MORB chemical variability, 361
Ferromanganese deposits, 325–327
barite crystals, 332F
composition, 325–326
crusts, 328–329, 330F
composition, 328–329
distribution, 325, 328F
types, 326F
growth rates, 326–327
metal sources, 326–327
nodules, 325, 325–327
distribution, 325, 327F
manganese/iron ratios, 329F
types, 325, 326F
trace metal sources, 327–328
Fertilizers
application levels, 489F
dinitrogen (N 2 ) fixation and, 544
Fick’s First Law of Diffusion,
475–476
Fiord(s)
hypoxia, 307–308
Fish(es)
hypoxia, 311, 312F
nitrogen cycle and, 542T
Fishery resources
eutrophication, habitat effects,
313–314
hypoxia, effects of, 313F
Fish eyes see Fish vision
Fitzroy-East (Australia), sediment
load/yield, 460T
Fixed nitrogen
assimilation, 553–554
estuarine sediments and, 454
Fixed-potential amperometry (FPA), 76,
76T
Flooding/floods
rivers, impact to, 458
Florisphaera profunda coccolithophore,
402F, 405
Fluorescence
colored dissolved organic matter,
92
coral-based paleoclimate research,
424T, 426
Fluoride (F
À
)
concentration in sea water, 14T
determination, 13
Fluorometry
iron fertilization experiments, 105
Flushing time
definition, 271
Flux chamber, 476–477
Food additives, marine organisms,
113–116
Foraminifera
calcium carbonate content, paleological
series, 343F
calcium carbonate production, 336
carbonate oozes, 337F
fragmentation, 340F
paleological record, 343F
hypoxia, 311
oxygen isotope variability, glacial cycles
and, 434
shells
dissolution, 340–341
Formaldehyde, oxidation, 448–449
Forward models
disadvantages, 190
Fossil record, hydrothermal vent
organisms, 379–380
evolution of vent communities,
379–380
fossilization processes, 379
Fossil water, 382
FPA (fixed-potential amperometry), 76,
76T
Fraction modern carbon, 252
Fram Strait
nuclear fuel reprocessing tracers,
296–297
F-ratio, 181
Fresh submarine groundwater discharge,
465
drivers, 466–467
Fresh water-brackish water interface
(FBI), 266
Fs, definition, 212
Fucus, 270, 270T
Fuel rods, 292
Fuels, marine organisms, 117–118
Fungi, lipid biomarkers, 254F
Fw, definition, 212
G
Galapagos Islands
coral records, 426–427, 428F, 429F
Galapagos Mounds Field, clay mineral
profile, smectite composition,
350T
Galapagos Spreading Center
clay mineral formation, 349
clay mineral profile, 349F
smectite composition, 350T
hydrothermal vent fluids, temperature
and venting style, 84–85
Gallium
concentrations in ocean waters,
73T
crustal abundance, 53T
dissolved, 55–56
depth profile, 57F
properties in seawater, 53T
surface distribution, 55F
Ganges/Bramaputra
dissolved loads, 462T
river discharge, 458T
sediment load/yield, 460T
Gas(es)
atmospheric contaminant deposition,
281
ice solubility, 136
solubility, 583
definition, 481
estuaries, gas exchange in, 475
Gas chromatography
nitrogen isotope analysis, 549–550
sulfur hexafluoride and, 178–179
Gas exchange
investigated by uranium-thorium decay
series, 212T
Gas flux, 583–584
Gas transfer velocity, k, 595
GCM see General circulation models
(GCM)
General circulation models (GCM)
carbon cycle, 519–520
glacial cycle modeling, 438
Geochemical Ocean Sections Study
(GEOSECS), 7, 148, 190, 506
carbon isotopes, 566
initiation and role, 7
oxygen isotope ratios, 564
radioactive wastes, 7, 302–303
radiocarbon, 238–239, 242, 243F
uranium-thorium decay series, 210
Geochemical sections, radioisotope
tracers and, 231
GEOSECS see Geochemical Ocean
Sections Study (GEOSECS)
Geostrophic principle, 190–191
Geostrophic velocity, 190–191
Gephyrocapsa oceanica coccolithophore,
402F
Gerard barrel, radiocarbon, 238
Germanium (Ge), 64, 68
concentrations in ocean waters, 73T
depth profile, 68F, 68
methylated forms, 68, 68F, 71
614
Index