oceanic carbon cycle, 497, 498, 501,
501F, 502F
vertical gradient, 498–499, 499F
radiocarbon and, 519–520
river fluxes, 488
Dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP)
total, river water, 486T
turnover rate in surface waters,
575–576, 577T
Dissolved nitrogen
isotope analysis, 549–550
isotope ratios, 559
Dissolved organic carbon (DOC), 594
biological pump contribution, 499–501,
501F, 502F
particulate organic carbon vs.,
502–503
river fluxes, 488
Dissolved organic matter (DOM)
depth profile, 259F
high-molecular-weight (HMW)
compounds, 258
radiocarbon tracing, 258
Dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), 541,
549–550, 555–556
depth distribution, 544–545, 546F
determination, 541
isotope levels, 559
remineralization, 554
see also Nitrogen cycle
Dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP)
research, 575
turnover rate in surface waters,
575–576, 577T
Dissolved reactive phosphate (TRP),
redox cycling and, 448
Distribution
coccolithophores, 403
DOC see Dissolved organic carbon
(DOC)
DOM see Dissolved organic matter
(DOM)
DOP see Dissolved organic phosphorus
(DOP)
DPASV see Differential pulse anodic
stripping voltammetry
Dpm, definition, 249
Drainage basin, sediment discharge to
rivers, 458
Drake Passage
ferromanganese deposits, 326
paleoceanography
opening, 420–421
Dual tracer release
experiments, 177–178
tracer concentration ratio,
177–178
DWBC see Deep Western Boundary
Current (DWBC)
E
Early diagenetic ferromanganese nodules,
325
EARP 99Tc pulse study, Sellafield, UK,
292, 296
Earth
early history, 3
orbit, glacial cycles and, 434–436, 434F
see also Milankovitch variability
oxidation, 5
Earth models of intermediate complexity
(EMIC), 441
Eastern Galapagos Spreading Center,
MORB composition, 359F, 360F,
361, 362F
East Greenland Current (EGC)
nuclear fuel reprocessing, 295
East Pacific Rise (EPR)
hydrothermal vent chimneys
black smokers, 82F
magma supply, 83–84
MORB composition, 358T, 361–362,
362–363, 363F
volcanic activity
Alvin observations, 85
lava flows, 356F
volcanic helium, 150, 151F
Ebullition
definition, 481
estuaries, methane emission, 478
Eccentricity (orbital), 434–435
glacial cycles and, 437
Ecosystem(s)
biological diversity, 112
Ekman pumping
tritium, 141
Electron affinity, 446–448
Elemental distribution, 8T, 7–12
historical review, 7
oceanic profiles, 10
concentrations, 8T
vertical, 10, 11F
particle association, 10–12
speciation, 8T, 12
technical challenge, 7, 12
contamination problems, 7, 12
see also Conservative elements (sea
water); Rare earth elements (REEs);
Refractory metals; Trace element(s);
Transition metals
Elemental mercury (Hgo)
estuaries, gas exchange in, 480
Element ratios
tracer applications, 123–124
El Nin ˜ o periods
sea–air partial pressure of CO 2 , 507–509
El Nin ˜ o Southern Oscillation (ENSO)
coral-based paleoclimate records,
426–428, 428F, 429F, 430, 431
Embayments, anthropogenic trace metal
enhancements, 278
EMIC (earth models of intermediate
complexity), 441
Emiliani, Cesare ´, 414–415
Emiliania huxleyi coccolithophore, 402F
blooms, 403, 404F, 407
coccolith numbers, 405
genome, 406
research, 407
Ems estuary, Germany
dissolved loads, 462T
Enclosed seas, hypoxia, 307–308
Endrin, structure, 164F
Energy Balance Models (EBM), 438
annual mean atmospheric, 438–441
climate/ice sheet, 441
Northern Hemisphere ice sheet, 441
seasonal atmospheric/mixed-layer
ocean, 441
English Channel
metal pollution, 268T
Enhanced Actinide Removal Plant
(EARP), 292
Enhancement programs see Fishery stock
manipulation
Enrichment factor (EF), 269–270
Environmental protection, from pollution
see Global marine pollution;
Pollution
Eocene
d
18
O records, 417F, 419F, 419
Eocene/Oligocene boundary, oxygen
isotope evidence, 419F
Epistominella exigua foraminifera, 400F,
401
EPR see East Pacific Rise (EPR)
Epstein, Sam, 411–412
Equinoxes, precession, 433, 437
Error analysis, inverse modeling, 198
Estuaries
ammonium isotope levels, 559
anoxia, 308
atmospheric deposition, 282–283
metals, 282–283
nitrogen species, 283–284
synthetic organic compounds,
284–285
biogenic silica burial, 536T, 538
carbon monoxide, 594
colored dissolved organic matter
influence, 90
definition, 475, 481
denitrification, 478
gas exchange, 475–482
across air/water interface, 475
gas solubility, 475
individual gases, 477–478
measurements, 476–477
models of, 475–476
hypoxia, 308–309
metal pollution
processes affecting, 265F, 266
suspended particulate matter, 268F
uranium-thorium series isotopes, 215
Estuarine sediments
anthropogenic metals and, 455
chemical processes, 455F, 445–456
elemental cycling, 452–453, 453F
oxidation processes, 445, 449
structure, 445
types, 445–446
Eubalaena glacialis see North Atlantic
right whale
Euphausia see Krill (Euphausiacea)
Euphotic zone
mass budgets, 181
tracer constraints, 182F
Index
613
501F, 502F
vertical gradient, 498–499, 499F
radiocarbon and, 519–520
river fluxes, 488
Dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP)
total, river water, 486T
turnover rate in surface waters,
575–576, 577T
Dissolved nitrogen
isotope analysis, 549–550
isotope ratios, 559
Dissolved organic carbon (DOC), 594
biological pump contribution, 499–501,
501F, 502F
particulate organic carbon vs.,
502–503
river fluxes, 488
Dissolved organic matter (DOM)
depth profile, 259F
high-molecular-weight (HMW)
compounds, 258
radiocarbon tracing, 258
Dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), 541,
549–550, 555–556
depth distribution, 544–545, 546F
determination, 541
isotope levels, 559
remineralization, 554
see also Nitrogen cycle
Dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP)
research, 575
turnover rate in surface waters,
575–576, 577T
Dissolved reactive phosphate (TRP),
redox cycling and, 448
Distribution
coccolithophores, 403
DOC see Dissolved organic carbon
(DOC)
DOM see Dissolved organic matter
(DOM)
DOP see Dissolved organic phosphorus
(DOP)
DPASV see Differential pulse anodic
stripping voltammetry
Dpm, definition, 249
Drainage basin, sediment discharge to
rivers, 458
Drake Passage
ferromanganese deposits, 326
paleoceanography
opening, 420–421
Dual tracer release
experiments, 177–178
tracer concentration ratio,
177–178
DWBC see Deep Western Boundary
Current (DWBC)
E
Early diagenetic ferromanganese nodules,
325
EARP 99Tc pulse study, Sellafield, UK,
292, 296
Earth
early history, 3
orbit, glacial cycles and, 434–436, 434F
see also Milankovitch variability
oxidation, 5
Earth models of intermediate complexity
(EMIC), 441
Eastern Galapagos Spreading Center,
MORB composition, 359F, 360F,
361, 362F
East Greenland Current (EGC)
nuclear fuel reprocessing, 295
East Pacific Rise (EPR)
hydrothermal vent chimneys
black smokers, 82F
magma supply, 83–84
MORB composition, 358T, 361–362,
362–363, 363F
volcanic activity
Alvin observations, 85
lava flows, 356F
volcanic helium, 150, 151F
Ebullition
definition, 481
estuaries, methane emission, 478
Eccentricity (orbital), 434–435
glacial cycles and, 437
Ecosystem(s)
biological diversity, 112
Ekman pumping
tritium, 141
Electron affinity, 446–448
Elemental distribution, 8T, 7–12
historical review, 7
oceanic profiles, 10
concentrations, 8T
vertical, 10, 11F
particle association, 10–12
speciation, 8T, 12
technical challenge, 7, 12
contamination problems, 7, 12
see also Conservative elements (sea
water); Rare earth elements (REEs);
Refractory metals; Trace element(s);
Transition metals
Elemental mercury (Hgo)
estuaries, gas exchange in, 480
Element ratios
tracer applications, 123–124
El Nin ˜ o periods
sea–air partial pressure of CO 2 , 507–509
El Nin ˜ o Southern Oscillation (ENSO)
coral-based paleoclimate records,
426–428, 428F, 429F, 430, 431
Embayments, anthropogenic trace metal
enhancements, 278
EMIC (earth models of intermediate
complexity), 441
Emiliani, Cesare ´, 414–415
Emiliania huxleyi coccolithophore, 402F
blooms, 403, 404F, 407
coccolith numbers, 405
genome, 406
research, 407
Ems estuary, Germany
dissolved loads, 462T
Enclosed seas, hypoxia, 307–308
Endrin, structure, 164F
Energy Balance Models (EBM), 438
annual mean atmospheric, 438–441
climate/ice sheet, 441
Northern Hemisphere ice sheet, 441
seasonal atmospheric/mixed-layer
ocean, 441
English Channel
metal pollution, 268T
Enhanced Actinide Removal Plant
(EARP), 292
Enhancement programs see Fishery stock
manipulation
Enrichment factor (EF), 269–270
Environmental protection, from pollution
see Global marine pollution;
Pollution
Eocene
d
18
O records, 417F, 419F, 419
Eocene/Oligocene boundary, oxygen
isotope evidence, 419F
Epistominella exigua foraminifera, 400F,
401
EPR see East Pacific Rise (EPR)
Epstein, Sam, 411–412
Equinoxes, precession, 433, 437
Error analysis, inverse modeling, 198
Estuaries
ammonium isotope levels, 559
anoxia, 308
atmospheric deposition, 282–283
metals, 282–283
nitrogen species, 283–284
synthetic organic compounds,
284–285
biogenic silica burial, 536T, 538
carbon monoxide, 594
colored dissolved organic matter
influence, 90
definition, 475, 481
denitrification, 478
gas exchange, 475–482
across air/water interface, 475
gas solubility, 475
individual gases, 477–478
measurements, 476–477
models of, 475–476
hypoxia, 308–309
metal pollution
processes affecting, 265F, 266
suspended particulate matter, 268F
uranium-thorium series isotopes, 215
Estuarine sediments
anthropogenic metals and, 455
chemical processes, 455F, 445–456
elemental cycling, 452–453, 453F
oxidation processes, 445, 449
structure, 445
types, 445–446
Eubalaena glacialis see North Atlantic
right whale
Euphausia see Krill (Euphausiacea)
Euphotic zone
mass budgets, 181
tracer constraints, 182F
Index
613