Coral-based paleoclimate research, 426,
423–432
deep-sea corals, 430
fossil corals, 430
future directions, 431
reconstruction of environmental
variables, 424–425, 424T
cloud cover, 424T, 425–426
from fluorescence patterns, 424T, 426
from growth records, 424, 424T
from isotopes, 424–425, 424T
methods, 424–425, 425F
improved, 431
pH, 424T, 426
river outflow, 424T, 426
salinity, 424T, 425
temperature, 424T, 425
from trace and minor elements,
424–425, 424T
upwelling, 424T, 425–426
records, 426
Galapagos coral, 426–427, 428F
interannual-to-decadal variation in
climate and ENSO, 426–428, 428F,
429F
long-term trends, 428–430, 429F
seasonal variation in, 426
sites of, 423F, 426
see also El Nin ˜ o Southern Oscillation
(ENSO)
Coral reef(s)
radiocarbon, 236–237, 236F, 237F
Cosmic dust, trace metal isotope ratios,
125T
Cosmic radiation, 225
atmospheric dissipation, 225–226
Cosmogenic isotopes, 225–234
atmospheric production, 226
data examples, 231–232
measurement techniques, 231
oceanic and atmospheric, 226–229
oceanic sources, 226, 227T
oceanographic applications, 229–231
potential tracer applications, 226, 226T
production rates, 226, 227T
land surface, 226
radioactivities, 229T
reservoir inventories, 228T
chemical properties and, 228
terrestrial, 225–226
tracer applications, 225, 228, 229
uranium-thorium series radionuclide
tracers and, 232
tracer properties, 230T
see also Carbon cycle; Isotopic ratios;
Radiocarbon; Radioisotope tracers;
Radionuclides
CPR see Continuous Plankton Recorder
(CPR) survey
Cretaceous/Tertiary (K/T) boundary
isotope ratios, 130–131
Croll, James, 433
Crustal dust, land-sea transfers, 493F
Cunene (Angola)
dissolved loads, 462T
river discharge, 458T, 460
Curie (Ci), 291–292
Cyanobacteria
definition, 119
lipid biomarkers, 254F
Cyclohexane, structure, 164F
D
D (diffusion coefficient), definition, 212
Dam building, 463
Darcy’s law
saline groundwater quantification, 467
DDD (dichlorophenyldichloroethane),
structure, 164F
DDT (dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane),
163
environmental concerns, 165
history, 165
Mussel Watch Stations, 171F, 172
structure, 164F
surface seawater analysis, 166
time trends, 173F
‘Dead zone,’ definition, 306–307
Deep basins
anoxia, 307–308
hypoxia, 307–308
Deep ocean
cosmogenic isotope concentrations,
228T
Deep-sea red clay, 349–350
Deep water
formation, 499, 500F
Deep-water sediments, chlorinated
hydrocarbons, 166–167
Deep Western Boundary Current
(DWBC), 188, 189F, 297
see also Abyssal currents; Antarctic
Bottom Water (AABW); North
Atlantic Deep Water (NADW)
Deforestation, carbon emission and, 513
Degassing flux (Fvol), 524
Denitrification
aerobic, 543–544
definition, 481
dinitrogen (N 2 ) fixation and, 544
estuaries
gas exchange in, 478
isotope ratios and, 552, 552T, 555
‘leaky pipe’ flow diagram, 590F
nitrification and, pore water profile,
387F
nitrous oxide, 590
sedimentary, 552
water-column, 552
Denitrification zone, 558F
Denmark Strait Overflow Waters, 161
see also Denmark Strait
Dense water formation, 135
Detrital, definition, 335
Deuterium levels, 440F
Diagenesis, 381, 383–385
calcium carbonates, 342–344
definition, 271, 335
pore water and, 383–385
pyrite, 381
see also Biogeochemical zonation
Diagenetic potential, 342–344
Diagenetic reactions, 333T
Diapycnal mixing
buoyancy frequency and, 176–177,
177F
Munk model, 176
open ocean, 176–177
radiocarbon age and, 253
total diffusivity, 176
tracer release experiments, 175–176
Diatom(s), 538–539
frustules, 118
lipid biomarkers, 254F
nitrogen assimilation, 553
skeletons, as biogenic silica in marine
sediments, 536, 538–539, 539F
see also Microphytobenthos;
Phytoplankton
DIC see Dissolved inorganic carbon
Dichlorobiphenyls, structure, 164F
Dichlorophenyldichloroethane (DDD),
structure, 164F
Dieldrin
structure, 164F
Differential pulse anodic stripping
voltammetry (DPASV), 76T
Diffusion
pore water, 386
Diffusion-reaction equation, 209
Dimethylgermanic acid (DMGe), 68F, 68
Dimethyl mercury (DMHg), pollution,
265–266
Dimethylsulfide (DMS), 492–494
Air–sea transfer, 583, 584–585
biogeochemical cycle, 584–585, 584F
concentrations, 584
estuaries, gas exchange in, 479–480
fate in seawater, 585
photochemical oxidation, 585
photochemical processes/production,
92, 94
troposphere, 585
Dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP), 408
d-Dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP),
features, 584–585
3-Dimethylsulfonium-propionate (DMSP),
estuaries, gas exchange in,
479–480
Dinitrogen (N 2 ), 541
fixation, 101, 542F, 542T, 544
denitrification and, 544
fertilizers and, 544
iron availability and, 109, 544
measurement, 541
see also Nitrogen (N); Nitrogen cycle
Dinoflagellates
lipid biomarkers, 254F
Discosphaera tubifera coccolithophore,
402F
Dissimilatory nitrate reduction to
ammonium, 552–553
Dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC)
ariation of d-carbon-13, 566F, 566
atmospheric carbon and, 513
carbon dioxide solubility and, 497
components, 406
612
Index
423–432
deep-sea corals, 430
fossil corals, 430
future directions, 431
reconstruction of environmental
variables, 424–425, 424T
cloud cover, 424T, 425–426
from fluorescence patterns, 424T, 426
from growth records, 424, 424T
from isotopes, 424–425, 424T
methods, 424–425, 425F
improved, 431
pH, 424T, 426
river outflow, 424T, 426
salinity, 424T, 425
temperature, 424T, 425
from trace and minor elements,
424–425, 424T
upwelling, 424T, 425–426
records, 426
Galapagos coral, 426–427, 428F
interannual-to-decadal variation in
climate and ENSO, 426–428, 428F,
429F
long-term trends, 428–430, 429F
seasonal variation in, 426
sites of, 423F, 426
see also El Nin ˜ o Southern Oscillation
(ENSO)
Coral reef(s)
radiocarbon, 236–237, 236F, 237F
Cosmic dust, trace metal isotope ratios,
125T
Cosmic radiation, 225
atmospheric dissipation, 225–226
Cosmogenic isotopes, 225–234
atmospheric production, 226
data examples, 231–232
measurement techniques, 231
oceanic and atmospheric, 226–229
oceanic sources, 226, 227T
oceanographic applications, 229–231
potential tracer applications, 226, 226T
production rates, 226, 227T
land surface, 226
radioactivities, 229T
reservoir inventories, 228T
chemical properties and, 228
terrestrial, 225–226
tracer applications, 225, 228, 229
uranium-thorium series radionuclide
tracers and, 232
tracer properties, 230T
see also Carbon cycle; Isotopic ratios;
Radiocarbon; Radioisotope tracers;
Radionuclides
CPR see Continuous Plankton Recorder
(CPR) survey
Cretaceous/Tertiary (K/T) boundary
isotope ratios, 130–131
Croll, James, 433
Crustal dust, land-sea transfers, 493F
Cunene (Angola)
dissolved loads, 462T
river discharge, 458T, 460
Curie (Ci), 291–292
Cyanobacteria
definition, 119
lipid biomarkers, 254F
Cyclohexane, structure, 164F
D
D (diffusion coefficient), definition, 212
Dam building, 463
Darcy’s law
saline groundwater quantification, 467
DDD (dichlorophenyldichloroethane),
structure, 164F
DDT (dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane),
163
environmental concerns, 165
history, 165
Mussel Watch Stations, 171F, 172
structure, 164F
surface seawater analysis, 166
time trends, 173F
‘Dead zone,’ definition, 306–307
Deep basins
anoxia, 307–308
hypoxia, 307–308
Deep ocean
cosmogenic isotope concentrations,
228T
Deep-sea red clay, 349–350
Deep water
formation, 499, 500F
Deep-water sediments, chlorinated
hydrocarbons, 166–167
Deep Western Boundary Current
(DWBC), 188, 189F, 297
see also Abyssal currents; Antarctic
Bottom Water (AABW); North
Atlantic Deep Water (NADW)
Deforestation, carbon emission and, 513
Degassing flux (Fvol), 524
Denitrification
aerobic, 543–544
definition, 481
dinitrogen (N 2 ) fixation and, 544
estuaries
gas exchange in, 478
isotope ratios and, 552, 552T, 555
‘leaky pipe’ flow diagram, 590F
nitrification and, pore water profile,
387F
nitrous oxide, 590
sedimentary, 552
water-column, 552
Denitrification zone, 558F
Denmark Strait Overflow Waters, 161
see also Denmark Strait
Dense water formation, 135
Detrital, definition, 335
Deuterium levels, 440F
Diagenesis, 381, 383–385
calcium carbonates, 342–344
definition, 271, 335
pore water and, 383–385
pyrite, 381
see also Biogeochemical zonation
Diagenetic potential, 342–344
Diagenetic reactions, 333T
Diapycnal mixing
buoyancy frequency and, 176–177,
177F
Munk model, 176
open ocean, 176–177
radiocarbon age and, 253
total diffusivity, 176
tracer release experiments, 175–176
Diatom(s), 538–539
frustules, 118
lipid biomarkers, 254F
nitrogen assimilation, 553
skeletons, as biogenic silica in marine
sediments, 536, 538–539, 539F
see also Microphytobenthos;
Phytoplankton
DIC see Dissolved inorganic carbon
Dichlorobiphenyls, structure, 164F
Dichlorophenyldichloroethane (DDD),
structure, 164F
Dieldrin
structure, 164F
Differential pulse anodic stripping
voltammetry (DPASV), 76T
Diffusion
pore water, 386
Diffusion-reaction equation, 209
Dimethylgermanic acid (DMGe), 68F, 68
Dimethyl mercury (DMHg), pollution,
265–266
Dimethylsulfide (DMS), 492–494
Air–sea transfer, 583, 584–585
biogeochemical cycle, 584–585, 584F
concentrations, 584
estuaries, gas exchange in, 479–480
fate in seawater, 585
photochemical oxidation, 585
photochemical processes/production,
92, 94
troposphere, 585
Dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP), 408
d-Dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP),
features, 584–585
3-Dimethylsulfonium-propionate (DMSP),
estuaries, gas exchange in,
479–480
Dinitrogen (N 2 ), 541
fixation, 101, 542F, 542T, 544
denitrification and, 544
fertilizers and, 544
iron availability and, 109, 544
measurement, 541
see also Nitrogen (N); Nitrogen cycle
Dinoflagellates
lipid biomarkers, 254F
Discosphaera tubifera coccolithophore,
402F
Dissimilatory nitrate reduction to
ammonium, 552–553
Dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC)
ariation of d-carbon-13, 566F, 566
atmospheric carbon and, 513
carbon dioxide solubility and, 497
components, 406
612
Index