Cloud condensation nuclei (CCN),
492–494
Coastal ecosystems
chlorinated hydrocarbons,
biogeochemical cycle, 170F
eutrophication, 307, 308
polychlorinated biphenyls, 166
Coastal margins
groundwater flow, 466–467
water cycle, 466F
Coastal ocean(s)
atmospheric deposition, 282–283
metals, 282–283
chlorinated hydrocarbons, 167–173
Coastal region/seas
anoxia, 308
atmospheric deposition
metals, 282–283
nitrogen species, 283–284
synthetic organic compounds,
284–285
hypoxia, 307, 308–309
metal pollution, 265F, 266
Coastal waters
anthropogenic trace metal
enhancements, 278
chlorinated hydrocarbons, 169
colored dissolved organic matter
influence, 90
polychlorinated biphenyls, 166
Coastal zone(s)
carbon dioxide flux, atmospheric, 491F
land-sea fluxes, 487–490
bioessential elements, 488–490
global warming and, 490–492
nutrient element fluxes, 487–488
Cobalt
concentration
N. Atlantic and N. Pacific waters, 73T
ferromanganese deposits, 327–328
distribution, 328, 329F
inorganic speciation, 75
organic complexation, 78
Coccolithophores, 402–410
biogeochemical impacts, 407–408
atmospheric CO 2 levels, 407–408
carbon assimilation, 407
coccolith fluxes, 408
dissolution of coccoliths, 407
light scattering, 408
production of
dimethylsulfoniopropionate
(DMSP), 408
blooms, 403, 404F
Calcidiscus quadriperforatus, 402F,
403F
calcification, 406
calcite, 406
carbon uptake, 406
physiological mechanisms, 406
coccoliths, 405
embedded coccoliths, 407F
function, 405
numbers, 405
scale, 405
types, 405
Coccolithus pelagicus, 402F
combination coccosphere, 403F
definition and description, 402
Discosphaera tubifera, 402F
early studies, 402
ecological niches, 406–407
variability between species,
406–407
electron microscope images, 402F
Emiliania huxleyi, 402F
blooms, 403, 404F, 407
coccolith numbers, 405
genome, 406
research, 407
Florisphaera profunda, 402F, 405
fossil record, 408–409
calcareous nanoplankton, 408
chalk deposits, 408
Cretaceous peak, 408
K/T boundary data, 408
survival/non-survival during past
catastrophes, 409
use in studying past environments,
408–409
future research, 409
acidification, 409
linking current and ancient records,
409
study of calcification rates, 409
Gephyrocapsa oceanica, 402F
life cycle, 405–406
diploid and haploid stages,
405–406
gametes, 405–406
genome, 406
life spans, 406
sexual and asexual reproduction,
405–406
species and distribution, 402–405
concentrations, 405
difficulties in determining species
numbers, 403
distribution, 403
species numbers, 403
see also Phytoplankton
Coccolithophorids
calcium carbonate production, 336
carbonate oozes, 337F
Coccolithus pelagicus (coccolithophore),
402F
Colored dissolved organic matter
(CDOM)
photochemical production, 89, 91F
absorbed photons, effects of, 92
absorption spectra, 89, 90F
photolysis, 93
Cometary impacts, sources of water,
origin of oceans, 5
Commercial fisheries see Fisheries
Competitive ligand equilibration/
adsorptive cathode stripping
voltammetry (CLE/CSV), 76T
Composition of oceans, 5–6
salinity, 5–6
Congo River
discharge, 458T
Conservative elements (sea water), 13–16
major, 7
concentrations, 14T
salinity and, 13, 15
determinations, 13
hot vents and, 15F, 15
marine aerosols and, 15
plankton production and, 13–14
river inputs and, 14–15
minor, 7, 15
see also Elemental distribution; Trace
element(s)
Conservative tracers, 230
Contaminants
oil and human sewage, 263
radioactive waste and metals, 263
Continental crust, trace metal isotope
ratios, 125T
Continental margins
sediment, biogenic silica burial, 536T,
537, 538
Continental runoff, 140
Continental shelf
width, 488
Contour-following bottom currents see
Bottom currents, contour-following
Control systems, fishery management see
Fishery management
Copper (Cu)
anthropogenic, 455
in coastal waters, 278
concentration
N. Atlantic and N. Pacific waters, 73T
ferromanganese deposits, 327–328
nickel and, 329F
global atmosphere, emissions to, 285T
North Sea, direct atmospheric
deposition, 283F
organic complexes, 76
depth profile, 77F
ionogenic, 78–79
pollution
anthropogenic and natural sources,
266T
enrichment factor, 270T
river sediment load/yield, 460T
speciation, analytical techniques, 76T
Coral(s)
biology, 423
animal-zooxanthellae symbiosis,
423–424
general, 423F, 423
polyp, 423F, 423
reproduction, 423
skeleton, 423F, 424
deposition, 424
high-density bands, 424
low-density bands, 424
as climate proxy recorders, 423
see also Coral-based paleoclimate
research
deep-sea, 430
fossil, 430
heterotrophy, 423–424, 425–426
lead in, 275, 277F
photosynthesis, 423–424, 425–426
Index
611
492–494
Coastal ecosystems
chlorinated hydrocarbons,
biogeochemical cycle, 170F
eutrophication, 307, 308
polychlorinated biphenyls, 166
Coastal margins
groundwater flow, 466–467
water cycle, 466F
Coastal ocean(s)
atmospheric deposition, 282–283
metals, 282–283
chlorinated hydrocarbons, 167–173
Coastal region/seas
anoxia, 308
atmospheric deposition
metals, 282–283
nitrogen species, 283–284
synthetic organic compounds,
284–285
hypoxia, 307, 308–309
metal pollution, 265F, 266
Coastal waters
anthropogenic trace metal
enhancements, 278
chlorinated hydrocarbons, 169
colored dissolved organic matter
influence, 90
polychlorinated biphenyls, 166
Coastal zone(s)
carbon dioxide flux, atmospheric, 491F
land-sea fluxes, 487–490
bioessential elements, 488–490
global warming and, 490–492
nutrient element fluxes, 487–488
Cobalt
concentration
N. Atlantic and N. Pacific waters, 73T
ferromanganese deposits, 327–328
distribution, 328, 329F
inorganic speciation, 75
organic complexation, 78
Coccolithophores, 402–410
biogeochemical impacts, 407–408
atmospheric CO 2 levels, 407–408
carbon assimilation, 407
coccolith fluxes, 408
dissolution of coccoliths, 407
light scattering, 408
production of
dimethylsulfoniopropionate
(DMSP), 408
blooms, 403, 404F
Calcidiscus quadriperforatus, 402F,
403F
calcification, 406
calcite, 406
carbon uptake, 406
physiological mechanisms, 406
coccoliths, 405
embedded coccoliths, 407F
function, 405
numbers, 405
scale, 405
types, 405
Coccolithus pelagicus, 402F
combination coccosphere, 403F
definition and description, 402
Discosphaera tubifera, 402F
early studies, 402
ecological niches, 406–407
variability between species,
406–407
electron microscope images, 402F
Emiliania huxleyi, 402F
blooms, 403, 404F, 407
coccolith numbers, 405
genome, 406
research, 407
Florisphaera profunda, 402F, 405
fossil record, 408–409
calcareous nanoplankton, 408
chalk deposits, 408
Cretaceous peak, 408
K/T boundary data, 408
survival/non-survival during past
catastrophes, 409
use in studying past environments,
408–409
future research, 409
acidification, 409
linking current and ancient records,
409
study of calcification rates, 409
Gephyrocapsa oceanica, 402F
life cycle, 405–406
diploid and haploid stages,
405–406
gametes, 405–406
genome, 406
life spans, 406
sexual and asexual reproduction,
405–406
species and distribution, 402–405
concentrations, 405
difficulties in determining species
numbers, 403
distribution, 403
species numbers, 403
see also Phytoplankton
Coccolithophorids
calcium carbonate production, 336
carbonate oozes, 337F
Coccolithus pelagicus (coccolithophore),
402F
Colored dissolved organic matter
(CDOM)
photochemical production, 89, 91F
absorbed photons, effects of, 92
absorption spectra, 89, 90F
photolysis, 93
Cometary impacts, sources of water,
origin of oceans, 5
Commercial fisheries see Fisheries
Competitive ligand equilibration/
adsorptive cathode stripping
voltammetry (CLE/CSV), 76T
Composition of oceans, 5–6
salinity, 5–6
Congo River
discharge, 458T
Conservative elements (sea water), 13–16
major, 7
concentrations, 14T
salinity and, 13, 15
determinations, 13
hot vents and, 15F, 15
marine aerosols and, 15
plankton production and, 13–14
river inputs and, 14–15
minor, 7, 15
see also Elemental distribution; Trace
element(s)
Conservative tracers, 230
Contaminants
oil and human sewage, 263
radioactive waste and metals, 263
Continental crust, trace metal isotope
ratios, 125T
Continental margins
sediment, biogenic silica burial, 536T,
537, 538
Continental runoff, 140
Continental shelf
width, 488
Contour-following bottom currents see
Bottom currents, contour-following
Control systems, fishery management see
Fishery management
Copper (Cu)
anthropogenic, 455
in coastal waters, 278
concentration
N. Atlantic and N. Pacific waters, 73T
ferromanganese deposits, 327–328
nickel and, 329F
global atmosphere, emissions to, 285T
North Sea, direct atmospheric
deposition, 283F
organic complexes, 76
depth profile, 77F
ionogenic, 78–79
pollution
anthropogenic and natural sources,
266T
enrichment factor, 270T
river sediment load/yield, 460T
speciation, analytical techniques, 76T
Coral(s)
biology, 423
animal-zooxanthellae symbiosis,
423–424
general, 423F, 423
polyp, 423F, 423
reproduction, 423
skeleton, 423F, 424
deposition, 424
high-density bands, 424
low-density bands, 424
as climate proxy recorders, 423
see also Coral-based paleoclimate
research
deep-sea, 430
fossil, 430
heterotrophy, 423–424, 425–426
lead in, 275, 277F
photosynthesis, 423–424, 425–426
Index
611